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Roughdraft AI Date of Addition 19 January 2025 A term describing artificial intelligence systems that produce preliminary or incomplete outputs requiring significant human refinement and verification. These systems, while capable of generating content or performing tasks, are characterised by: Inherent limitations in handling outliers and edge cases Tendency to produce hallucinations and unreliable results Inability to consistently perform high-level reasoning Need for human oversight and correction The term acknowledges that current AI systems serve best as assistive tools rather than autonomous agents, requiring human expertise to validate and refine their outputs. This conceptualization aligns with the pragmatic approach to AI governance and development, emphasizing the importance of understanding AI's current limitations while working toward more reliable and trustworthy systems The definition is inspired by Dr Gary Marcus's critiques of current AI systems (in fact Dr Marcus had coined this term) and Abhivardhan's pragmatic approach to AI governance. Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Regularizing Artificial Intelligence Ethics in the Indo-Pacific [GLA-TR-002] Learn More Regulatory Sandboxes for Artificial Intelligence: Techno-Legal Approaches for India [ISAIL-TR-002] Learn More Deciphering Artificial Intelligence Hype and its Legal-Economic Risks [VLiGTA-TR-001] Learn More Deciphering Regulative Methods for Generative AI [VLiGTA-TR-002] Learn More Promoting Economy of Innovation through Explainable AI [VLiGTA-TR-003] Learn More Auditing AI Companies for Corporate Internal Investigations in India, VLiGTA-TR-005 Learn More Artificial Intelligence Governance using Complex Adaptivity: Feedback Report, First Edition, 2024 Learn More Legal Strategies for Open Source Artificial Intelligence Practices, IPLR-IG-004 Learn More Artificial Intelligence and Policy in India, Volume 4 [AIPI-V4] Learn More Ethical AI Implementation and Integration in Digital Public Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-005 Learn More The Indic Approach to Artificial Intelligence Policy [IPLR-IG-006] Learn More Artificial Intelligence and Policy in India, Volume 5 [AIPI-V5] Learn More The Legal and Ethical Implications of Monosemanticity in LLMs [IPLR-IG-008] Learn More Navigating Risk and Responsibility in AI-Driven Predictive Maintenance for Spacecraft, IPLR-IG-009, First Edition, 2024 Learn More Impact-Based Legal Problems around Generative AI in Publishing, IPLR-IG-010 Learn More Legal-Economic Issues in Indian AI Compute and Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-011 Learn More Averting Framework Fatigue in AI Governance [IPLR-IG-013] Learn More Decoding the AI Competency Triad for Public Officials [IPLR-IG-014] Learn More Indo-Pacific Research Ethics Framework on Artificial Intelligence Use [IPac AI] Learn More The Global AI Inventorship Handbook, First Edition [RHB-AI-INVENT-001-2025] Learn More Normative Emergence in Cyber Geographies: International Algorithmic Law in a Multipolar Technological Order, First Edition Learn More AI Bias & the Overlap of AI Diplomacy and Governance Ethics Dilemmas Learn More Artificial Intelligence and Policy in India, Volume 6 [AIPI-V6] Learn More Artificial Intelligence, Market Power and India in a Multipolar World Learn More Previous Term Next Term Explainers The Complete Glossary terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

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Rule Engine Date of Addition 26 April 2024 A rule engine is a type of software program that aids in automating decision- making processes by applying a predefined set of rules to a given dataset. It is commonly employed alongside generative AI tools to enhance the overall quality and consistency of the generated output. This was discussed in Deciphering Regulative Methods for Generative AI, VLiGTA-TR-002 (2023) . Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App AI Bias & the Overlap of AI Diplomacy and Governance Ethics Dilemmas Learn More Previous Term Next Term Explainers The Complete Glossary terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Delhi High Court December 2019 landmark judgment on software patentability under Section 3(k) of Patents Act establishing "technical effect" test for computer-related inventions. Ferid Allani v. Union of India & Ors., W.P.(C) 7/2014 (Delhi High Court, Dec 12, 2019) Delhi High Court December 2019 landmark judgment on software patentability under Section 3(k) of Patents Act establishing "technical effect" test for computer-related inventions. Previous Next The AIACT.IN India AI Regulation Tracker This is a simple regulatory tracker consisting all information on how India is regulating artificial intelligence as a technology, inspired from a seminal paper authored by Abhivardhan and Deepanshu Singh for the Forum of Federations, Canada, entitled, "Government with Algorithms: Managing AI in India’s Federal System – Number 70 ". We have also included case laws along with regulatory / governance documents, and avoided adding any industry documents or policy papers which do not reflect any direct or implicit legal impact. December 2019 Read the Document Issuing Authority Delhi High Court, IPAB Type of Legal / Policy Document Judicial Pronouncements - National Court Precedents Status Enacted Regulatory Stage Regulatory Binding Value Legally binding instruments enforceable before courts AIACT. Regulation Visualiser Find more sources Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Regularizing Artificial Intelligence Ethics in the Indo-Pacific [GLA-TR-002] Learn More The Global AI Inventorship Handbook, First Edition [RHB-AI-INVENT-001-2025] Learn More Related draft AI Law Provisions of aiact.in Section 3 – Classification of Artificial Intelligence Section 3 – Classification of Artificial Intelligence Section 7 – Risk-centric Methods of Classification Section 7 – Risk-centric Methods of Classification Section 8 – Prohibition of Unintended Risk AI Systems Section 8 – Prohibition of Unintended Risk AI Systems

Explore the research experience of Indic Pacific Legal Research in offering insights on technology law. Research Expertise Read the Report Our Knowledge Base Know more about our Knowledge Base, years of accumulated and developed in-house research at Indic Pacific Legal Research. You can click below to know more about our reports and search them on IndoPacific.App to download them. Title Year 2021 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2021 ISAIL] 2022 Global Customary International Law Index: A Prologue [GLA-TR-00X] 2022 Regularizing Artificial Intelligence Ethics in the Indo-Pacific [GLA-TR-002] 2021 An Indian Perspective on Special Purpose Acquisition Companies [GLA-TR-001] 2022 India-led Global Governance in the Indo-Pacific: Basis & Approaches [GLA-TR-003] 2022 Regulatory Sovereignty in India: Indigenizing Competition-Technology Approaches [ISAIL-TR-001] 2021 Regulatory Sandboxes for Artificial Intelligence: Techno-Legal Approaches for India [ISAIL-TR-002] 2022 Global Legalism, Volume 1 2020 Global Relations and Legal Policy, Volume 1 [GRLP1] 2020 South Asian Review of International Law, Volume 1 2020 Indian International Law Series, Volume 1 2020 Page 1 of 5 Our Products & Services are Research-backed Here's how and why. Our knowledge base—which forms over 90% of IndoPacific.App's content archive—is built around what actually matters to markets and end-users facing real problems, not what appeals to media circles or generates hype or buzz. This means we prioritize: Practical implications over rhetoric Market-relevant analysis over regurgitation Solution-focused insights over update-for-update's-sake reporting Real-world applicability over positioned messaging We understand that technology adoption and market shifts affect real lives, and real businesses on the ground. Therefore, our research and servicing focus remains sensitive of these major factors. We engage with Market-focused Problems The long-form publications (on IndoPacific.App) and the short-form explainers and insights (techindata.in) that we develop are prepared keeping in clear check how markets respond to technology adoption, and innovation. We are driven to provide Innovative Workflows We aim at solving problems by building innovative workflows instead of offering a so-called checklist for any legal, technology or policy problem, which can drive real-time changes for our clients and partners. We understand the interplay of Law, Policy & Technology Implementing tech to improve legal and policy tasks may drive may work when proactive policies, and sensible technology solutions are adopted. Our research expertise in tech law helps you navigate through the most sensible triad of tech adoption, tech policies and business impact. Indic Pacific Research Stats The IndoPacific.App, hosted by our team in partnership with the Indian Society of Artificial Intelligence and Law, comprises a huge archive of downloadable publications. This archive hosts our long-form research developed in 5 years, backing our service and training expertise in 5 key areas: Technology and Data Law Artificial Intelligence Governance Technology and Public Policy Digital Market Law and Competition Policy AI and Intellectual Property Law Technology Law, Startups and Market Adoption Number of Original Authors registered in the archive 240+ Number of Downloadable Contributions by our Founder, Abhivardhan 16.7% Total Number of Contributions out of Downloadable Standalone publications & Chapters 310+ Number of Individual Authorship Credits 300+ Total Number of Technology Law & AI Governance Contributions 200+ Indic Pacific's Tech Policy Research 36.5% Indic Pacific's AI Governance Research 32.7% Indic Pacific's Indo-Pacific Research 21.2% Indic Pacific's Intellectual Property + Tech Research 7% Our Brands Unique Perspectives, Common Goals: Showcasing Our Law & Policy Products & Brands A digital library and ecosystem app, which hosts our long-form downloadable research on technology law and policy. India's inaugural private AI regulation bill for India / Bharat authored by Abhivardhan An independent industry forum for legal, policy & technology professionals which supports the AI ecosystem of start-ups and MSMEs to advocate and promote AI standardisation in India Technology Law and Policy Inputs, explained with graphics, for technology leaders & startups with a dictionary of industry-grade terms around data and tech governance. The AiStandard.io Alliance intends to establish an allies of AI entities in India, Asia and the Global South, to develop market-friendly AI standards, with sector-specific, and sector-neutral contexts.

AI as a Component Explainers The Complete Glossary AI as a Component Date of Addition 26 Apr 2024 It means Artificial Intelligence can exist as a component or constituent in any digital or physical product / service / system offered via electronic means, in any way possible. The AI-related features present in that system explain whether the AI as a component exists by design or default. Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Artificial Intelligence Governance using Complex Adaptivity: Feedback Report, First Edition, 2024 Learn More Legal Strategies for Open Source Artificial Intelligence Practices, IPLR-IG-004 Learn More Ethical AI Implementation and Integration in Digital Public Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-005 Learn More Reimaging and Restructuring MeiTY for India [IPLR-IG-007] Learn More Previous Term Next Term terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Skirmish Propaganda Capacity Destruction Date of Addition 11 May 2025 "Skirmish propaganda capacity destruction" refers to the significant weakening or dismantling of a group's ability to spread manipulative narratives following a brief, localized conflict. This disruption often occurs through the exposure of coordinated networks, such as social media influencers or content creators, that were used to shape public perception, coupled with actions like increased scrutiny, discrediting of sources, or platform bans, ultimately reducing their influence over narratives in the conflict's aftermath. This definition is derived from the context and implications of the phrase as used by Kushal Mehra in his X post on May 11, 2025. Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App The Policy Purpose of a Multipolar Agenda for India, First Edition, 2023 Learn More Previous Term Next Term Explainers The Complete Glossary terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Delhi High Court September 2025 ex-parte order protecting actress against unauthorized AI chatbot impersonation and deepfake video exploitation. Aishwarya Rai Bachchan v. Aishwaryaworld.com & Ors., CS(COMM) 956/2025, Delhi High Court, Order dated September 9, 2025 Delhi High Court September 2025 ex-parte order protecting actress against unauthorized AI chatbot impersonation and deepfake video exploitation. Previous Next The AIACT.IN India AI Regulation Tracker This is a simple regulatory tracker consisting all information on how India is regulating artificial intelligence as a technology, inspired from a seminal paper authored by Abhivardhan and Deepanshu Singh for the Forum of Federations, Canada, entitled, "Government with Algorithms: Managing AI in India’s Federal System – Number 70 ". We have also included case laws along with regulatory / governance documents, and avoided adding any industry documents or policy papers which do not reflect any direct or implicit legal impact. September 2025 Read the Document Issuing Authority Delhi High Court Type of Legal / Policy Document Judicial Pronouncements - National Court Precedents Status In Force Regulatory Stage Regulatory Binding Value Legally binding instruments enforceable before courts AIACT. Regulation Visualiser Find more sources Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Regularizing Artificial Intelligence Ethics in the Indo-Pacific [GLA-TR-002] Learn More Impact-Based Legal Problems around Generative AI in Publishing, IPLR-IG-010 Learn More Indo-Pacific Research Ethics Framework on Artificial Intelligence Use [IPac AI] Learn More The Global AI Inventorship Handbook, First Edition [RHB-AI-INVENT-001-2025] Learn More Related draft AI Law Provisions of aiact.in Section 21 – Intellectual Property Protections Section 21 – Intellectual Property Protections Section 23 – Content Provenance and Identification Section 23 – Content Provenance and Identification

Section 1 – Short Title and Commencement PUBLISHED Previous Next Section 1 – Short Title and Commencement (1) This Act may be called the Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023. (2) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint and different dates may be appointed for different provisions of this Act and any reference in any such provision to the commencement of this Act shall be construed as a reference to the coming into force of that provision. Related Indian AI Regulation Sources Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act 2000) October 2000 National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (#AIforAll) June 2018 Karnataka Global Capability Center (GCC) Policy 2024-2029 November 2024

General intelligence applications with multiple short-run or unclear use cases as per industrial and regulatory standards (GI2) Explainers The Complete Glossary terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com General intelligence applications with multiple short-run or unclear use cases as per industrial and regulatory standards (GI2) Date of Addition 26 April 2024 This is an ontological sub-category of Generative AI applications. Such kinds of Generative AI Applications are those which have a lot of test cases and use cases, which are either useful in a short-run or have unclear value as per industrial and regulatory standards. ChatGPT could be considered an example of this sub-category. This idea was proposed in Deciphering Regulative Methods for Generative AI, VLiGTA-TR-002 (2023). Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App 2021 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2021 ISAIL] Learn More Regulatory Sandboxes for Artificial Intelligence: Techno-Legal Approaches for India [ISAIL-TR-002] Learn More Deciphering Artificial Intelligence Hype and its Legal-Economic Risks [VLiGTA-TR-001] Learn More Deciphering Regulative Methods for Generative AI [VLiGTA-TR-002] Learn More Promoting Economy of Innovation through Explainable AI [VLiGTA-TR-003] Learn More Auditing AI Companies for Corporate Internal Investigations in India, VLiGTA-TR-005 Learn More [Version 1] A New Artificial Intelligence Strategy and an Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Bill, 2023 Learn More [Version 2] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023 Learn More [AIACT.IN V3] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 3 Learn More AIACT.IN Version 3 Quick Explainer Learn More The Legal and Ethical Implications of Monosemanticity in LLMs [IPLR-IG-008] Learn More Navigating Risk and Responsibility in AI-Driven Predictive Maintenance for Spacecraft, IPLR-IG-009, First Edition, 2024 Learn More Impact-Based Legal Problems around Generative AI in Publishing, IPLR-IG-010 Learn More Sections 4-9, AiACT.IN V4 Infographic Explainers Learn More Averting Framework Fatigue in AI Governance [IPLR-IG-013] Learn More [AIACT.IN V4] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 4 Learn More [AIACT.IN V5] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 5 Learn More Indo-Pacific Research Ethics Framework on Artificial Intelligence Use [IPac AI] Learn More Normative Emergence in Cyber Geographies: International Algorithmic Law in a Multipolar Technological Order, First Edition Learn More AI Bias & the Overlap of AI Diplomacy and Governance Ethics Dilemmas Learn More 2020 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2020 ISAIL] Learn More Previous Term Next Term

Section 15 – Guidance Principles for AI-related Agreements PUBLISHED Previous Next Section 15 - Guidance Principles for AI-related Agreements (1) The following guidance principles shall apply to AI-related agreements to promote transparent, fair, and responsible practices in the development, deployment, and use of AI technologies: (i) AI Software License Agreement (ASLA): (a) The AI Software License Agreement (ASLA) shall be mandatory for AI systems classified as AI-Pro or AI-Com as per Section 6, if they are designated as High Risk AI systems under Section 7. (b) The ASLA shall clearly define: (i) The scope of rights granted to the licensee, including limitations on use, modification, and distribution of the AI software; (ii) Intellectual property rights and ownership provisions; (iii) Term, termination, warranties, and indemnification clauses. (ii) AI Service Level Agreement (AI-SLA): (a) The AI Service Level Agreement (AI-SLA) shall be mandatory for AI systems classified as AIaaS or AI-Com as per Section 6, if they are designated as High Risk or Medium Risk AI systems under Section 7. (b) The AI-SLA shall establish: (i) Service levels, performance metrics, availability, and support commitments; (ii) Monitoring, measurement, change management, and problem resolution mechanisms; (iii) Data handling, security, and business continuity requirements. (iii) AI End-User License Agreement (AI-EULA) or AI End-Client License Agreement (AI-ECLA): (a) The AI End-User License Agreement (AI-EULA) shall be mandatory for all AI system classifications intended for end-user or client deployment; (b) The AI-EULA or AI-ECLA shall specify: (i) Permitted uses and user obligations; (ii) Data privacy provisions aligned with the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 and other cyber and data protection frameworks; (iii) Intellectual property rights, warranties, and liability limitations. (iv) AI Explainability Agreement (AI-ExA): (a) The AI Explainability Agreement (AI-ExA) shall be mandatory for all high-risk AI systems under Section 7; (b) The AI-ExA shall specify: (i) Clear and understandable explanations for AI system outputs and decisions; (ii) Documentation and reporting on the AI system’s decision-making processes; (iii) Provisions for human review and intervention mechanisms (2) The following agreements shall be voluntary in nature, but are recommended for adoption by entities engaged in the deployment of AI systems: (i) An AI Data Licensing Agreement, which shall govern the terms and conditions for licensing data sets used for training, testing, and validating AI systems; (ii) An AI Model Licensing Agreement, which shall cover the licensing of pre-trained AI models or model components for use in developing or deploying AI systems; (iii) An AI Collaboration Agreement, which shall facilitate collaboration between multiple parties, such as research institutions, companies, or individuals, in the development or deployment of AI systems; (iv) An AI Consulting Agreement, which shall govern the terms and conditions under which an AI expert or consulting firm provides advisory services, technical assistance, or training related to the development, deployment, or use of AI systems; (v) An AI Maintenance and Support Agreement, which shall define the terms and conditions for ongoing maintenance, support, and updates for AI systems. (3) Agreements that are mandatory in nature must include provisions addressing the following: (i) Requirements for post-deployment monitoring of AI systems classified as High Risk AI systems; (ii) Protocols for incident reporting and response in the event of any issues or incidents related to the AI system; (iii) Penalties or consequences for non-compliance with the terms of the agreement or any applicable laws or regulations. (4) The IAIC shall develop and publish model AI-related agreements incorporating these guidance principles, taking into account the unique characteristics and risks associated with different types of AI systems, such as: (i) The inherent purpose of the AI system, as determined by the conceptual classifications outlined in Section 4; (ii) The technical features and limitations of the AI system, as specified in Section 5; (iii) The commercial factors associated with the AI system, as outlined in Section 6; (iv) The risk level of the AI system, as classified under Section 7. (5) Consultative Principles on AI Value & Supply Chain (i) Entities involved in the development, supply, distribution, and commercialization of AI technologies are encouraged to adopt the following consultative principles when forming agreements. The following principles should guide contractual practices: (a) Transparency in Ownership & Intellectual Property: Agreements should clearly define ownership rights over trained models, derived outputs, and any intellectual property generated during the development process. Illustration An AI startup develops a machine learning model for financial trading in collaboration with a large financial institution. The contract specifies that while the startup retains ownership of the trained model, the financial institution has exclusive rights to use the model’s outputs for its internal trading operations. (b) Liability & Risk Allocation: Contracts should clearly allocate risks associated with potential failures in AI systems, ensuring that liability is fairly distributed among stakeholders based on their role in the value chain. Illustration A manufacturer integrates an AI-powered quality control system into its production line. The contract with the AI provider specifies that if the system fails due to faulty training data provided by a third-party vendor, liability will be shared between the AI provider and the vendor, based on their respective contributions to the failure. (c) Data Sharing & Privacy Protections: Contracts should include provisions for secure data sharing between entities while ensuring compliance with the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. Illustration A healthcare provider contracts with an AI company to develop a diagnostic tool using patient data. The contract includes detailed clauses on anonymizing patient data before sharing it with the AI company, ensuring compliance with the Digital Personal Data Protection Act. (ii) The Indian Artificial Intelligence Council (IAIC) may issue advisories on best practices for drafting contracts related to different stages of the value & supply chains. These advisories will provide sector-specific guidance on how these principles can be applied effectively without imposing mandatory requirements. (iii) While these principles are not mandatory under this Act, entities are encouraged to adopt them as part of a self-regulatory framework. Voluntary adherence to these principles can help foster trust among stakeholders and promote responsible commercialization of AI technologies. (6) Entities engaged in the development, deployment, or use of AI systems may adopt and customize the model templates provided by the IAIC to suit their specific contexts and requirements. (7) The IAIC may mandate the use of model agreements for certain high-risk sectors, high-risk use cases as per Section 6, or types of entities, where the potential risks associated with the AI system are deemed significant. (8) The model agreements shall be reviewed and updated periodically to reflect advancements in AI technologies, evolving best practices, and changes in the legal and regulatory landscape. Related Indian AI Regulation Sources Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 (IT Rules 2021) February 2021 Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023 (IT Amendment Rules 2023) April 2023 Advisory on AI Intermediaries and Platforms March 2024 Report on AI Governance Guidelines Development January 2025 Advisory on Prohibition of AI Tools/Apps in Office Devices February 2025 Buckeye Trust v. PCIT, ITA No. 1051/Bang/2024 (ITAT Bengaluru Bench 2024-2025) February 2025 Policy Regarding Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools in District Judiciary July 2025 Insurance Fraud Monitoring Framework Guidelines, 2025 October 2025 KMG Wires Private Limited vs. National Faceless Assessment Centre & Others, Writ Petition (L) No. 24366 of 2025, Bombay High Court, Order dated October 6, 2025 October 2025 Circular on Use of Open/External Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools for Official Work, File No. Z-11/12/1/Misc.Matter/2024-MSU October 2025 Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2025 - Draft Rules on Synthetic and AI-Generated Content October 2025 India AI Governance Guidelines: Enabling Safe and Trusted AI Innovation November 2025 Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 November 2025 Working Paper on Generative AI and Copyright (Part 1): "One Nation One License One Payment" December 2025 Democratising Access to AI Infrastructure (White Paper, Version 3.0) December 2025 IndiaMART InterMesh Limited v. OpenAI Inc. & Ors., IP-COM/57/2025 (GA-COM/1/2025), Calcutta High Court, Order dated December 24, 2025 December 2025 Flipkart Internet Private Ltd v. Joint Controller of Patents and Designs & Voicemonk Inc., CMA(PT) No. 9 of 2024, Madras High Court, Order dated January 5, 2026 January 2026 Strengthening AI Governance Through Techno-Legal Framework (White Paper, Part 2 of Emerging Policy Priorities Series) January 2026

Liked our Work? Search it now on IndoPacific.App Get Searching Our Research Know more about our Knowledge Base, years of accumulated and developed in-house research at Indic Pacific Legal Research. Search our Research Treasure on IndoPacific.App. :) 2020 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2020 ISAIL] Get this Publication 2021 ISBN 978-81-957087-1-0 Author(s) Abhivardhan, Aditi Sharma, Akash Manwani, Arundhati Kale, Dev Tejnani, Manohar Samal, Mayank Narang, Mridutpal Bhattacharyya, Saakshi Agarwal, Sameer Samal, Sanad Arora Editor(s) Abhivardhan, Akash Manwani, Kshitij Naik, Suman Kalani IndoPacific.App Identifier (ID) RHB 2020 ISAIL Tags AI, Data Science, Ethics, Governance, Handbook, Innovation, International Law, Legal Studies, Policy Related Terms in Techindata.in Explainers Definitions - A - E AI as a Concept AI as an Object AI as a Subject AI as a Third Party AI Explainability Clause Accountability Definitions - F - J Framework Fatigue General intelligence applications with multiple short-run or unclear use cases as per industrial and regulatory standards (GI2) General intelligence applications with multiple stable use cases as per relevant industrial and regulatory standards (GI1) Generative AI applications with a collection of standalone use cases related to one another (GAI2) Intended Purpose / Specified Purpose Definitions - K - P Manifest Availability Multipolar World Multipolarity Omnipotence Omnipresence Phenomena-based concept classification Privacy by Default Privacy by Design Definitions - Q - U SOTP Classification Semi-Supervised Learning Strategic Autonomy Technical concept classifcation Technology by Default Technology Distancing Technology Transfer Definitions - V - Z WANA WENA Whole-of-Government Response Related Articles in Techindata.in Insights 34 Insight(s) on AI Ethics 8 Insight(s) on AI and Competition Law 8 Insight(s) on AI and Copyright Law 8 Insight(s) on AI and media sciences 8 Insight(s) on AI Governance 8 Insight(s) on AI regulation 7 Insight(s) on AI literacy 4 Insight(s) on AI and Evidence Law 3 Insight(s) on Abhivardhan 2 Insight(s) on AI and Intellectual Property Law 1 Insight(s) on AI and Securities Law 1 Insight(s) on Algorithmic Trading . Previous Item Next Item