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Roughdraft AI

Date of Addition

19 January 2025

A term describing artificial intelligence systems that produce preliminary or incomplete outputs requiring significant human refinement and verification. These systems, while capable of generating content or performing tasks, are characterised by:


  • Inherent limitations in handling outliers and edge cases

  • Tendency to produce hallucinations and unreliable results

  • Inability to consistently perform high-level reasoning

  • Need for human oversight and correction


The term acknowledges that current AI systems serve best as assistive tools rather than autonomous agents, requiring human expertise to validate and refine their outputs. This conceptualization aligns with the pragmatic approach to AI governance and development, emphasizing the importance of understanding AI's current limitations while working toward more reliable and trustworthy systems


The definition is inspired by Dr Gary Marcus's critiques of current AI systems (in fact Dr Marcus had coined this term) and Abhivardhan's pragmatic approach to AI governance.

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