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Section 16 – Guidance Principles for AI-related Corporate Governance PUBLISHED Previous Next Section 16 - Guidance Principles for AI-related Corporate Governance (1) Entities involved in the development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, tools or methods across their governance structures and decision-making processes must adhere to the following guiding principles as per the National Artificial Intelligence Ethics Code under Section 13: (i) Accountability and Responsibility: (a) Clear accountability for decisions and actions involving the use of AI techniques must be maintained within the organisation by the appropriate leadership or management. (b) Robust governance frameworks must be established to assign roles, responsibilities and oversight mechanisms related to the development, deployment and monitoring of AI systems used for corporate governance purposes. (ii) Transparency and Explainability: (a) AI systems used to aid corporate decision-making must employ transparent models and techniques that enable interpretability of their underlying logic, data inputs and decision rationales (b) Comprehensive documentation must be maintained on the AI system’s architecture, training data, performance metrics and potential limitations or biases (c) Internal policies, directives and guidelines must be made by entities for impacted stakeholders to access explanations of how AI-driven decisions were made and what factors influenced those decisions (iii) Human Agency and Oversight: (a) The use of AI techniques in corporate governance must be subject to meaningful human control, oversight and the ability to intervene in or override AI system outputs when necessary. (b) Appropriate human review mechanisms must be implemented, particularly for high-stakes decisions impacting all relevant stakeholders, including employees, shareholders, customers, and the public interest; (c) Company or Organisation policies must clearly define the roles and responsibilities of humans versus AI systems in governance and decision-making processes; (iv) Intellectual Property and Ownership Considerations: (a) Corporate entities should establish clear policies and processes for determining ownership, attribution, and intellectual property rights over AI-generated content, inventions, and innovations. (b) These policies should recognize and protect the contributions of human creators, inventors, and developers involved in the development and deployment of AI systems. (c) Corporations should balance the need for incentivizing innovation through intellectual property protections with the principles of transparency, accountability, and responsible use of AI technologies. (v) Encouraging Open-Source Adoption: (a) Companies and organisations are encouraged to leverage open-source software (OSS) and open standards in the development and deployment of AI systems, where appropriate. (b) The use of OSS can promote transparency, collaboration, and innovation in the AI ecosystem while ensuring compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and ethical principles outlined in Section 13. (c) Companies and organisations should contribute to and participate in open-source AI communities, fostering knowledge sharing and collective advancement of AI technologies. (2) For the purposes of these Guidance Principles, the artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, tools or methods across governance structures and decision-making processes shall refer to: (i) AI systems that replicate or emulate human decision-making abilities through autonomy, perception, reasoning, interaction, adaptation and creativity, as evaluated under the Anthropomorphism-Based Concept Classification (ABCC) described in sub-section (5) of Section 4; (ii) AI systems whose development, deployment and utilisation within corporate governance structures necessitates the evaluation and mitigation of potential ethical risks and implications, in accordance with the Ethics-Based Concept Classification (EBCC) under sub-section (3) of Section 4; (iii) AI systems that may impact individual rights such as privacy, due process, non-discrimination as well as collective rights, requiring a rights-based assessment as per the Phenomena-Based Concept Classification (PBCC) outlined in sub-section (4) of Section 4; (iv) General Purpose AI Applications with Multiple Stable Use Cases (GPAIS) that can reliably operate across various governance functions as per the technical classification criteria specified in sub-section (2) of Section 5; (v) Specific Purpose AI Applications (SPAI) designed for specialized governance use cases based on the factors described in sub-section (4) of Section 5; (vi) AI systems classified as high-risk under the sub-section (4) of Section 7 due to their potential for widespread impact, lack of opt-out feasibility, vulnerability factors or irreversible consequences related to corporate governance processes; (vii)AI systems classified as medium-risk under the sub-section (3) of Section 7 that require robust governance frameworks focused on transparency, explainability and accountability aspects; (viii) AI systems classified as narrow-risk under the sub-section (2) of Section 7 where governance approaches should account for their technical limitations and vulnerabilities. (3) For AI systems exempted from certification under Section 11(3), companies and organisations may adopt a lean governance approach, focusing on: (i) Establishing basic incident reporting and response protocols as per Section 19, without the stringent requirements applicable to high-risk AI systems. (ii) Maintaining documentation and ensuring interpretability of the AI systems to the extent feasible, given their limited risk profile. (iii) Conducting periodic risk assessments and implementing corrective measures as necessary, commensurate with the AI system’s potential impact. (4) The IAIC may mandate the application of the guidance principles outlined in this section for certain high-risk sectors, high-risk use cases as per Section 6, or types of entities, where the potential risks associated with the AI system are deemed significant. (5) The guidance principles shall be reviewed and updated periodically to reflect advancements in AI technologies, evolving best practices, and changes in the legal and regulatory landscape. Related Indian AI Regulation Sources Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 (IT Rules 2021) February 2021 Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023 (IT Amendment Rules 2023) April 2023 Advisory on AI Intermediaries and Platforms March 2024 Report on AI Governance Guidelines Development January 2025 Advisory on Prohibition of AI Tools/Apps in Office Devices February 2025 Buckeye Trust v. PCIT, ITA No. 1051/Bang/2024 (ITAT Bengaluru Bench 2024-2025) February 2025 Guidelines on Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Securities Markets June 2025 Policy Regarding Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools in District Judiciary July 2025 Insurance Fraud Monitoring Framework Guidelines, 2025 October 2025 KMG Wires Private Limited vs. National Faceless Assessment Centre & Others, Writ Petition (L) No. 24366 of 2025, Bombay High Court, Order dated October 6, 2025 October 2025 Circular on Use of Open/External Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools for Official Work, File No. Z-11/12/1/Misc.Matter/2024-MSU October 2025 Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2025 - Draft Rules on Synthetic and AI-Generated Content October 2025 India AI Governance Guidelines: Enabling Safe and Trusted AI Innovation November 2025 Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 November 2025 Working Paper on Generative AI and Copyright (Part 1): "One Nation One License One Payment" December 2025 Democratising Access to AI Infrastructure (White Paper, Version 3.0) December 2025 IndiaMART InterMesh Limited v. OpenAI Inc. & Ors., IP-COM/57/2025 (GA-COM/1/2025), Calcutta High Court, Order dated December 24, 2025 December 2025 Strengthening AI Governance Through Techno-Legal Framework (White Paper, Part 2 of Emerging Policy Priorities Series) January 2026

NITI Aayog's June 2018 foundational policy document establishing India's national AI strategy identifying five priority sectors including healthcare, agriculture, education, smart cities, and mobility. National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (#AIforAll) NITI Aayog's June 2018 foundational policy document establishing India's national AI strategy identifying five priority sectors including healthcare, agriculture, education, smart cities, and mobility. Previous Next The AIACT.IN India AI Regulation Tracker This is a simple regulatory tracker consisting all information on how India is regulating artificial intelligence as a technology, inspired from a seminal paper authored by Abhivardhan and Deepanshu Singh for the Forum of Federations, Canada, entitled, "Government with Algorithms: Managing AI in India’s Federal System – Number 70 ". We have also included case laws along with regulatory / governance documents, and avoided adding any industry documents or policy papers which do not reflect any direct or implicit legal impact. June 2018 Read the Document Issuing Authority NITI Aayog Type of Legal / Policy Document National Strategies Status Enacted Regulatory Stage Pre-regulatory Binding Value Non-binding but institutionally endorsed instruments AIACT. Regulation Visualiser Find more sources Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Reimaging and Restructuring MeiTY for India [IPLR-IG-007] Learn More Averting Framework Fatigue in AI Governance [IPLR-IG-013] Learn More Decoding the AI Competency Triad for Public Officials [IPLR-IG-014] Learn More AI Bias & the Overlap of AI Diplomacy and Governance Ethics Dilemmas Learn More Artificial Intelligence, Market Power and India in a Multipolar World Learn More Related draft AI Law Provisions of aiact.in Section 1 – Short Title and Commencement Section 1 – Short Title and Commencement Section 2 – Definitions Section 2 – Definitions Section 14 – Model Standards on Knowledge Management Section 14 – Model Standards on Knowledge Management

Notified by MeitY on November 13, 2025, these rules operationalize the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, establishing a comprehensive and enforceable framework for digital personal data protection in India. The rules were finalized after extensive public consultation on a draft released in January 2025, with MeitY receiving over 4,000 comments and conducting multi-city consultations to incorporate feedback from industry, civil society, and government departments.​ Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 Notified by MeitY on November 13, 2025, these rules operationalize the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, establishing a comprehensive and enforceable framework for digital personal data protection in India. The rules were finalized after extensive public consultation on a draft released in January 2025, with MeitY receiving over 4,000 comments and conducting multi-city consultations to incorporate feedback from industry, civil society, and government departments. Previous Next The AIACT.IN India AI Regulation Tracker This is a simple regulatory tracker consisting all information on how India is regulating artificial intelligence as a technology, inspired from a seminal paper authored by Abhivardhan and Deepanshu Singh for the Forum of Federations, Canada, entitled, "Government with Algorithms: Managing AI in India’s Federal System – Number 70 ". We have also included case laws along with regulatory / governance documents, and avoided adding any industry documents or policy papers which do not reflect any direct or implicit legal impact. November 2025 Read the Document Issuing Authority Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) Type of Legal / Policy Document Secondary Legislation Status Enacted Regulatory Stage Regulatory Binding Value Secondary Legislation AIACT. Regulation Visualiser Find more sources Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Reimaging and Restructuring MeiTY for India [IPLR-IG-007] Learn More Averting Framework Fatigue in AI Governance [IPLR-IG-013] Learn More Decoding the AI Competency Triad for Public Officials [IPLR-IG-014] Learn More NIST Adversarial Machine Learning Taxonomies: Decoded, IPLR-IG-016 Learn More AI Bias & the Overlap of AI Diplomacy and Governance Ethics Dilemmas Learn More Artificial Intelligence, Market Power and India in a Multipolar World Learn More Related draft AI Law Provisions of aiact.in Section 10 – Composition and Functions of the Council Section 10 – Composition and Functions of the Council Section 15 – Guidance Principles for AI-related Agreements Section 15 – Guidance Principles for AI-related Agreements Section 16 – Guidance Principles for AI-related Corporate Governance Section 16 – Guidance Principles for AI-related Corporate Governance Section 17 – Post-Deployment Monitoring of High-Risk AI Systems Section 17 – Post-Deployment Monitoring of High-Risk AI Systems

AI as a Subject Explainers The Complete Glossary AI as a Subject Date of Addition 26 Apr 2024 It means Artificial Intelligence may be legally prescribed or interpreted to be treated as a subject to human environment, inputs and actions. The simplest example could be that of a Generative AI system which is being subjected to human prompting, be it text, visual, sound or any other form of human input, to generate output of proprietary nature. This idea was proposed in the 2020 Handbook on AI and International Law (2021). Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App 2021 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2021 ISAIL] Learn More Regulatory Sandboxes for Artificial Intelligence: Techno-Legal Approaches for India [ISAIL-TR-002] Learn More Deciphering Regulative Methods for Generative AI [VLiGTA-TR-002] Learn More Promoting Economy of Innovation through Explainable AI [VLiGTA-TR-003] Learn More Auditing AI Companies for Corporate Internal Investigations in India, VLiGTA-TR-005 Learn More [Version 1] A New Artificial Intelligence Strategy and an Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Bill, 2023 Learn More [Version 2] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023 Learn More Artificial Intelligence Governance using Complex Adaptivity: Feedback Report, First Edition, 2024 Learn More Legal Strategies for Open Source Artificial Intelligence Practices, IPLR-IG-004 Learn More Ethical AI Implementation and Integration in Digital Public Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-005 Learn More [AIACT.IN V3] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 3 Learn More AIACT.IN Version 3 Quick Explainer Learn More The Indic Approach to Artificial Intelligence Policy [IPLR-IG-006] Learn More Reimaging and Restructuring MeiTY for India [IPLR-IG-007] Learn More Navigating Risk and Responsibility in AI-Driven Predictive Maintenance for Spacecraft, IPLR-IG-009, First Edition, 2024 Learn More Legal-Economic Issues in Indian AI Compute and Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-011 Learn More Sections 4-9, AiACT.IN V4 Infographic Explainers Learn More Decoding the AI Competency Triad for Public Officials [IPLR-IG-014] Learn More [AIACT.IN V4] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 4 Learn More [AIACT.IN V5] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 5 Learn More Reckoning the Viability of Safe Harbour in Technology Law, IPLR-IG-015 Learn More The Global AI Inventorship Handbook, First Edition [RHB-AI-INVENT-001-2025] Learn More Artificial Intelligence, Market Power and India in a Multipolar World Learn More 2020 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2020 ISAIL] Learn More Previous Term Next Term terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Compute Explainers The Complete Glossary Compute Date of Addition 22 Mar 2025 The computational resources (processing power, memory, and specialized hardware) required for training and running AI systems. It represents a critical infrastructure requirement that influences model capabilities, training time, and overall performance. Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App The Policy Purpose of a Multipolar Agenda for India, First Edition, 2023 Learn More Draft Digital Competition Bill, 2024 for India: Feedback Report [IPLR-IG-003] Learn More Legal-Economic Issues in Indian AI Compute and Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-011 Learn More Paving the Path to an International Model Law on Carbon Taxes [IPLR-IG-012] Learn More Previous Term Next Term terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Parameters Date of Addition 22 March 2025 The internal variables within a machine learning model that are adjusted during training to capture patterns in data. In neural networks, parameters include weights and biases that determine how input signals are processed to generate outputs. Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Deciphering Artificial Intelligence Hype and its Legal-Economic Risks [VLiGTA-TR-001] Learn More [Version 1] A New Artificial Intelligence Strategy and an Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Bill, 2023 Learn More [Version 2] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023 Learn More [AIACT.IN V3] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 3 Learn More AIACT.IN Version 3 Quick Explainer Learn More Sections 4-9, AiACT.IN V4 Infographic Explainers Learn More Averting Framework Fatigue in AI Governance [IPLR-IG-013] Learn More [AIACT.IN V4] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 4 Learn More [AIACT.IN V5] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 5 Learn More Previous Term Next Term Explainers The Complete Glossary terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Liked our Work? Search it now on IndoPacific.App Get Searching Our Research Know more about our Knowledge Base, years of accumulated and developed in-house research at Indic Pacific Legal Research. Search our Research Treasure on IndoPacific.App. :) Paving the Path to an International Model Law on Carbon Taxes [IPLR-IG-012] Get this Publication 2024 ISBN 978-81-977227-4-5 Author(s) Abhivardhan, Manohar Samal Editor(s) Not Applicable IndoPacific.App Identifier (ID) IPLR-IG-012 Tags Academia, carbon market, carbon pricing, carbon tax, civil society, climate adaptation, climate change, climate finance, climate justice, climate mitigation, economic policy, emissions trading, energy policy, environmental policy, Global Governance, green economy, intergovernmental organizations, International Cooperation, International Law, multilateralism, non-state actors, Policy Analysis, public finance, Research, sustainable development, taxation, think tanks Related Terms in Techindata.in Explainers Definitions - A - E Compute Definitions - F - J Indo-Pacific Definitions - K - P Multi-alignment Multipolar World Multipolarity Polyvocality Definitions - Q - U Strategic Autonomy Definitions - V - Z Whole-of-Government Response Related Articles in Techindata.in Insights 4 Insight(s) on Government Affairs 1 Insight(s) on governance . Previous Item Next Item

Anthropomorphism-based concept classification Explainers The Complete Glossary Anthropomorphism-based concept classification Date of Addition 26 Apr 2024 This is one of the sub-categorised methods to classify Artificial Intelligence as a Concept, with a perspective of how AI systems could lead to human attribution and enculturation. This idea was proposed in Artificial Intelligence Ethics and International Law (originally published in 2019). Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Legal-Economic Issues in Indian AI Compute and Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-011 Learn More Decoding the AI Competency Triad for Public Officials [IPLR-IG-014] Learn More The Global AI Inventorship Handbook, First Edition [RHB-AI-INVENT-001-2025] Learn More Artificial Intelligence, Market Power and India in a Multipolar World Learn More Previous Term Next Term terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Liked our Work? Search it now on IndoPacific.App Get Searching Our Research Know more about our Knowledge Base, years of accumulated and developed in-house research at Indic Pacific Legal Research. Search our Research Treasure on IndoPacific.App. :) Indic Pacific - ISAIL Joint Annual Report, 2022-24 Get this Publication 2025 ISBN Not Applicable Author(s) Abhivardhan Editor(s) Not Applicable IndoPacific.App Identifier (ID) IPLR-ISAIL-AR22-24 Tags Abhivardhan, achievements, advisory council, AI, AI Standardisation, documentation, Enabling Tech-friendly Legal Practices., Founder, future, Future Initiatives, India's first AI law proposal, Indic Pacific, Indic Pacific Team, Indic Pacific Training Programmes, initiatives, ISAIL, ISAIL Advisory Council., ISAIL Secretariat, Key Achievements, Key Divisions, Key Highlights, Law, Legal Tech, progress, Research, Research Portfolio, secretariat, standardization, stats, team, tech-friendly legal practices, training, Updates, vision Related Terms in Techindata.in Explainers Definitions - A - E AI Supply Chain AI Value Chain Definitions - F - J Indo-Pacific Definitions - K - P Model Algorithmic Ethics standards (MAES) Multipolar World Definitions - Q - U Technology Transfer Technophobia Definitions - V - Z Whole-of-Government Response Related Articles in Techindata.in Insights 3 Insight(s) on Abhivardhan . Previous Item Next Item

Consent Manager (DPDPA) Explainers The Complete Glossary Consent Manager (DPDPA) Date of Addition 15 Nov 2025 “Consent Manager” means a person registered with the Board, who acts as a single point of contact to enable a Data Principal to give, manage, review and withdraw her consent through an accessible, transparent and interoperable platform [Source: Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 ] Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Decoding the AI Competency Triad for Public Officials [IPLR-IG-014] Learn More Previous Term Next Term terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Benchmark Gaming Explainers The Complete Glossary Benchmark Gaming Date of Addition 17 Oct 2025 The practice of optimizing AI models specifically for standardized evaluation metrics and leaderboard performance rather than genuine real-world capability or generalization. This phenomenon occurs when development teams tune hyperparameters, training data, or architectural choices to maximize scores on popular benchmarks while potentially degrading performance on practical applications not represented in test sets. Benchmark gaming undermines the validity of AI progress measurements by creating a disconnect between reported achievements and actual system utility, contributing to AI hype cycles and misaligned research incentives that prioritize metric manipulation over substantive technical advancement. Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Averting Framework Fatigue in AI Governance [IPLR-IG-013] Learn More Indo-Pacific Research Ethics Framework on Artificial Intelligence Use [IPac AI] Learn More Previous Term Next Term terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Phenomena-based concept classification Date of Addition 26 April 2024 This is one of the sub-categorised methods to classify Artificial Intelligence as a Concept, in which, beyond technical and ethical questions, it is possible that AI systems may render purpose based on natural and human-related phenomena. This idea was discussed in Artificial Intelligence Ethics and International Law (originally published in 2019) . Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App 2021 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2021 ISAIL] Learn More Global Customary International Law Index: A Prologue [GLA-TR-00X] Learn More India-led Global Governance in the Indo-Pacific: Basis & Approaches [GLA-TR-003] Learn More Global Legalism, Volume 1 Learn More Global Relations and Legal Policy, Volume 1 [GRLP1] Learn More South Asian Review of International Law, Volume 1 Learn More Indian International Law Series, Volume 1 Learn More Global Relations and Legal Policy, Volume 2 Learn More Draft Digital Competition Bill, 2024 for India: Feedback Report [IPLR-IG-003] Learn More The Indic Approach to Artificial Intelligence Policy [IPLR-IG-006] Learn More Averting Framework Fatigue in AI Governance [IPLR-IG-013] Learn More Reckoning the Viability of Safe Harbour in Technology Law, IPLR-IG-015 Learn More Indo-Pacific Research Ethics Framework on Artificial Intelligence Use [IPac AI] Learn More Normative Emergence in Cyber Geographies: International Algorithmic Law in a Multipolar Technological Order, First Edition Learn More AI Bias & the Overlap of AI Diplomacy and Governance Ethics Dilemmas Learn More 2020 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2020 ISAIL] Learn More Previous Term Next Term Explainers The Complete Glossary terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com