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Technology by Default Date of Addition 26 April 2024 This refers to the use of AI technology without fully considering its potential consequences. For example, a company might use AI to automate a task without thinking about how this might impact workers or society as a whole. Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App The LegalTechPolicy.com Playbook, First Edition Learn More 2021 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2021 ISAIL] Learn More Regularizing Artificial Intelligence Ethics in the Indo-Pacific [GLA-TR-002] Learn More Regulatory Sovereignty in India: Indigenizing Competition-Technology Approaches [ISAIL-TR-001] Learn More Regulatory Sandboxes for Artificial Intelligence: Techno-Legal Approaches for India [ISAIL-TR-002] Learn More Deciphering Artificial Intelligence Hype and its Legal-Economic Risks [VLiGTA-TR-001] Learn More Deciphering Regulative Methods for Generative AI [VLiGTA-TR-002] Learn More Promoting Economy of Innovation through Explainable AI [VLiGTA-TR-003] Learn More Reinventing & Regulating Policy Use Cases of Web3 for India [VLiGTA-TR-004] Learn More Auditing AI Companies for Corporate Internal Investigations in India, VLiGTA-TR-005 Learn More Artificial Intelligence Governance using Complex Adaptivity: Feedback Report, First Edition, 2024 Learn More Legal Strategies for Open Source Artificial Intelligence Practices, IPLR-IG-004 Learn More Artificial Intelligence and Policy in India, Volume 4 [AIPI-V4] Learn More Ethical AI Implementation and Integration in Digital Public Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-005 Learn More The Indic Approach to Artificial Intelligence Policy [IPLR-IG-006] Learn More Reimaging and Restructuring MeiTY for India [IPLR-IG-007] Learn More Artificial Intelligence and Policy in India, Volume 5 [AIPI-V5] Learn More The Legal and Ethical Implications of Monosemanticity in LLMs [IPLR-IG-008] Learn More Navigating Risk and Responsibility in AI-Driven Predictive Maintenance for Spacecraft, IPLR-IG-009, First Edition, 2024 Learn More Impact-Based Legal Problems around Generative AI in Publishing, IPLR-IG-010 Learn More Legal-Economic Issues in Indian AI Compute and Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-011 Learn More Averting Framework Fatigue in AI Governance [IPLR-IG-013] Learn More Decoding the AI Competency Triad for Public Officials [IPLR-IG-014] Learn More Reckoning the Viability of Safe Harbour in Technology Law, IPLR-IG-015 Learn More Indo-Pacific Research Ethics Framework on Artificial Intelligence Use [IPac AI] Learn More NIST Adversarial Machine Learning Taxonomies: Decoded, IPLR-IG-016 Learn More The Global AI Inventorship Handbook, First Edition [RHB-AI-INVENT-001-2025] Learn More Normative Emergence in Cyber Geographies: International Algorithmic Law in a Multipolar Technological Order, First Edition Learn More AI Bias & the Overlap of AI Diplomacy and Governance Ethics Dilemmas Learn More Artificial Intelligence and Policy in India, Volume 6 [AIPI-V6] Learn More Artificial Intelligence, Market Power and India in a Multipolar World Learn More 2020 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2020 ISAIL] Learn More Previous Term Next Term The Indic Pacific Glossary The Complete Glossary terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Indic Pacific Legal Research has curated and developed advanced-level industry-conscious training programmes on technology law, and artificial intelligence governance. You can access these programmes at indicpacific.com/train. *Of course: Your Legal & Policy Troubles Don't Need to Be the Next OTT Drama Invest in Technology Law Training for your Teams* Check our Programmes Indic Pacific Legal Research, an India-based emerging and AI-focused technology law consulting, has launched some practice-oriented training programmes on technology law, and AI policy. Here's why you should opt for training programmes powered by Enroll Now Why should you opt for Technology Law Fundamentals 6-week Access (Self-paced) 16 Lectures in 4 Modules 50+ Model Exercises Lecture Notes of 200+ pages Download the Brochure Enroll Now Why should you opt for Artificial Intelligence & Law Fundamentals 6-week Access (Self-paced) 15 Lectures in 4 Modules 50+ Model Exercises Lecture Notes of 280+ pages Download the Brochure Enroll Now Why should you opt for Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property Law 12-week Access (Self-paced) 16 Lectures in 3 Modules 70+ Model Exercises 30+ Case studies Lecture Notes of 400+ pages Download the Brochure Enroll Now Why should you opt for Artificial Intelligence and Corporate Governance 15-week Access (Self-paced) 18 Lectures in 5 Modules 80+ Model Exercises 25+ Case studies Lecture Notes of 400+ pages Download the Brochure Technology Law Fundamentals Enroll Now Download the Brochure Welcome to the "Technology Law Fundamentals" training programme, where we dive into the exciting world of tech law without putting you to sleep. It's like having a secret weapon in your pocket—not literally, of course, because that would be illegal, and we're all about the law here. Check out this brochure for more information. UNIL-L-0002 Information Brochure .pdf Download PDF • 22.18MB Module 1: Technology, Explained & Understood We kick things off by exploring how technology is the puppet master pulling the strings of society and the economy. It's like understanding how your smartphone has become your boss, your best friend, and your worst enemy all at once. Module 2: Technology Law 1.0 & 2.0 Next, we embark on a journey to see how crusty old laws are trying to keep up with the lightning-fast pace of technological innovation. It's a bit like watching your grandparents navigate social media—equal parts amusing and impressive. We'll cover everything from the legal mumbo-jumbo of public laws to the juicy gossip of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Module 3: The Anatomy of Technology Governance This is where we get down to business—figuring out who gets to be the boss of the digital world. We'll navigate through the labyrinth of public and private laws that attempt to keep the tech giants in line (emphasis on "attempt"). Module 4: Introduction to Technology Law 3.0 Finally, we take a leap into the future of tech law, exploring proactive and application-specific strategies. It's all about staying ahead of the curve so you don't become as outdated as a flip phone. So, if you're ready to become a master of technology law, this programme is your training ground. We promise it's more engaging than watching grass grow on a cricket pitch. Let's dive in, have some laughs, and maybe even learn a thing or two along the way. After all, law is serious business, but who says it can't be a little bit fun? List of Lectures Lecture 1 – Technology as the Driver of Social Contract Lecture 2 – The Economics of Technology Lecture 3 – Technology as a System of Regulation Lecture 4 – Technology as a Product of Innovation Lecture 5 – Instrumentalism in Public Law Lecture 6 Legal and Juristic Recognition of Technologies Lecture 7 – Ethics by Design or Default Lecture 8 – Telecommunication Law after the Cold War Lecture 9 – ICTs in the Fourth Industrial Revolution Lecture 10 – Overlap of Physical and Digital Domains Lecture 11 – Digital Public Infrastructure Lecture 12 – Regulation, Adjudication & Dispute Resolution Lecture 13 – Civil & Commercial Liability Lecture 14 – Soft Law and Digital Economy Lecture 15 – Pre-Emptive Approach: Action or Omission Lecture 16 – Class-of-Applications-by-Class-of-Application Programme Description Artificial Intelligence & Law Fundamentals Enroll Now Download the Brochure Hey there, legal eagles and tech enthusiasts! Ready to dive into the wild world of AI and Law? Welcome to the "AI and Law Fundamentals" training programme, where we explore the crazy intersection of robots and regulations. Get ready to have your mind blown and your skills upgraded! Check out this brochure for more information. UNIL-L-0003 Information Brochure .pdf Download PDF • 21.31MB In Module 1 , we'll tackle the history and philosophy of AI, from its humble beginnings to its current world-dominating status (just kidding... maybe). We'll also ponder the big questions: Can AI have a conscience? Can it be held responsible? And how do we keep it from going "Terminator" on us? Module 2 is all about classifying AI from both a technical and legal perspective. We'll journey from Narrow AI to AGI and explore machine learning methods. It's like playing "AI Poker," but with more legal jargon and less bluffing. In Module 3 , we'll figure out how to regulate AI and keep it from taking over the world (hopefully). It's like putting a leash on a robot dog—challenging but necessary. Finally, Module 4 focuses on responsible AI and covers data quality, privacy, fairness, and separating hype from reality. By the end, you'll navigate AI's legal complexities like a pro (or like me navigating a rom-com script—not pretty, but I get there). So, if you're ready to become an AI and Law expert (and have a few laughs), join us on this exciting journey. It'll be more engaging than watching paint dry (and probably more useful too). Let's embrace the future together! And maybe we'll even create an AI lawyer for my parking tickets. A guy can dream, right? List of Lectures Lecture 1 – The History of Artificial Intelligence and Law Lecture 2 – Human Dignity and Human Centricity Lecture 3 – Consciousness and Agency Lecture 4 – Epistemology and Ontology Lecture 5 – Technology Transfer and Mobility Lecture 6 – From Narrow AI to AGI Lecture 7 – Types of Machine Learning Methods Lecture 8 – Concept, Entity & Industry Method Lecture 9 – Subject, Object & Third Party Method Lecture 10 – Regulatory Acceptance Lecture 11 – Product-Service Recognition Lecture 12 – Data Quality & Workflow Lecture 13 – Data Integrity & Erasure Lecture 14 – Privacy, Fairness & Non-Discrimination Lecture 15 – Artificial Intelligence Hype Programme Description Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property Law Enroll Now Download the Brochure Alrighty folks, buckle up and get ready for a wild ride through the Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property Law training program! We've got three modules packed with more lectures than you can shake a stick at. Let's dive in, shall we? Check out this brochure for more information. UNIS-L-0003 Information Brochure (1) .pdf Download PDF • 31.57MB Module 1: The Ethics of AI and IP Law In this module, we'll be tackling the big questions about human dignity, consciousness, and the philosophical underpinnings of AI. We'll also cover the nitty-gritty of tech transfer and mobility, machine learning methods, and stakeholder roles. It's like a buffet of brainy goodness! Module 2: IP Rights and Algorithmic Ethics Module 2 is where things get really juicy. We'll be digging into the legal and ethical challenges of AI algorithms in IP law. From data and algorithms to AI hype and identifying IP rights for AI-generated content, this module has it all. We'll even spill the beans on the latest AI initiatives in IP offices. Module 3: Common Concerns of IP Recognition In the final module, we'll tackle the big questions about recognizing and protecting IP rights for AI-generated works. We'll explore the role of human creativity and innovation, and break down patent pools and FRAND commitments so even your grandma could understand. So there you have it, folks - a whirlwind tour of AI and IP law, served with a side of sass and a sprinkle of sarcasm. It's like a legal rollercoaster, but with fewer lawsuits and more laughs. Sign up now and let's get this party started! List of Lectures Lecture 1 – Human Dignity, Consciousness and Agency Lecture 2 – Epistemology and Ontology Lecture 3 – Technology Transfer and Mobility Lecture 4 – Narrow AI to AGI Lecture 5 – Types of Machine Learning Methods Lecture 6 – Concept, Entity & Industry Method Lecture 7 – Subject, Object & Third Party Method Lecture 8 –Data & Algorithm in Intellectual Property Law Lecture 9 –Artificial Intelligence Hype Lecture 10 – Identification for Copyright & Trademarks Lecture 11 – Identification for Patents & Industrial Designs Lecture 12 – Identification for Traditional Knowledge & Geographical Indications Lecture 13 – Identification for Trade Secrets Lecture 14 – Artificial Intelligence Initiatives in IP Offices Lecture 15 –Role of Human Creativity & Innovation in AI-Generated IP Lecture 16 – Patent Pools and FRAND Commitments Programme Description Artificial Intelligence and Corporate Governance Enroll Now Download the Brochure Alrighty folks, buckle up for a wild ride through the Artificial Intelligence and Corporate Governance training program! We've got five modules packed with more lectures than you can shake a stick at. Let's dive in, shall we? Check out this brochure for more information. UNIS-L-0004 Information Brochure (1) .pdf Download PDF • 33.91MB Module 1: The Ethics and Classification of AI We're tackling the big questions about human dignity, consciousness, and the philosophical underpinnings of AI. From narrow AI to AGI and machine learning methods, it's a brainy buffet! Module 2: Fundamentals of Corporate Governance Data, algorithms, and IP law collide in this juicy module. We're digging into AI hype, product recognition, algorithmic ownership, privacy, and fairness. It's a governance gala! Module 3: Civil & Criminal Liability Liability differentiation and approximation take center stage as we explore criminal conduct and the importance of human oversight. It's a liability lollapalooza! Module 4: Contract Law and Practices Buckle up for a thrilling overview of general legal and commercial risks related to AI in contract law. It's a contractual carnival! Module 5: Company Law We're wrapping up with responsible AI development, governance practices, patent pools, and FRAND commitments. It's a company law extravaganza! So there you have it - a whirlwind tour of AI and corporate governance, served with a side of snark. It's like a legal rollercoaster, but with fewer lawsuits and more laughs. Sign up now and let's get this AI party started! List of Lectures Lecture 1 – Human Dignity, Consciousness and Agency Lecture 2 – Epistemology and Ontology Lecture 3 – Technology Transfer and Mobility Lecture 4 – Narrow AI to AGI Lecture 5 – Types of Machine Learning Methods Lecture 6 – Concept, Entity & Industry Method Lecture 7 – Subject, Object & Third Party Method Lecture 8 – Data & Algorithm in Law & Economics Lecture 9 –Artificial Intelligence Hype Lecture 10 – Product-Service Recognition Lecture 11 - Data & Algorithm in Intellectual Property Law Lecture 12 –Corporate Ownership of Algorithmic Activities & Operations Lecture 13 – Privacy, Fairness & Non-Discrimination Lecture 14 –Differentiation & Approximation of Liability Lecture 15 – Criminal Conduct and Human Oversight Lecture 16 – General Legal & Commercial Risks Lecture 17 – Responsible AI Development & Governance Lecture 18 – Patent Pools and FRAND Commitments Programme Description Shareable These training programmes are designed to cater the needs of technology, business & legal professionals. You will receive a certificate, which you can download and share among your peers & colleagues. Intensive Doubt-clearing Our programmes have a mix of written lectures and few recording sessions based on the nature of topics addressed. Once you read through the written lectures, you may book the doubt-clearing sessions at convenience. Do look through if a training programme has recorded lectures, written lectures, or both. Rigorous Skill Assessment You will receive a set of learning notes, consisting of: Insights, Model Exercises for self-learning & Readings. To add, you will also receive limited and optional access to our skill testing tools by VLiGTA Pro, to understand the extent of your legal & policy skills you have learned throughout the training programmes. These skill tests are designed for the needs of both professionals and students. Flexible Timing Typically, you'll have access to full training programs and courses for a grace period ranging from 1 to 3 months, or 4 to 12 weeks. Here's what you can expect from our training programs/courses Lecture Notes? Yes. For every training programme and course, we offer access to the learning notes, which consist 3 things: General Insights for every lecture as per the syllabus Model Exercises for every lecture for self-learning A Comprehensive List of Readings for every lecture Doubt-clearing Sessions? Yes. You will have access to scheduled sessions where you can ask questions and clarify any doubts you may have. These sessions are available for a limited time, either on a weekly or monthly basis, depending on the programme. Skill Testing Tools? Absolutely, with a twist! As part of the VLiGTA App ecosystem, you have the opportunity to access VLiGTA Pro's skill testing tools for a limited time. These tools are designed to help you assess your understanding and application of the concepts covered in the program. Please note that the access to these skill testing tools is currently in a beta phase, and opting for this feature is optional. These skill tests are designed for the needs of both professionals and students. Recorded Lectures? Absolutely, with a twist! For select courses, we also provide recorded lectures as an additional learning resource to enhance your understanding of the subject matter. The availability of these recorded lectures may vary depending on the specific course and the instructor and the team's discretion. Know the Level Before Choosing a Training Programme Understand the Scope and Depth of Your Training Commitment . It works, and it really helps. Always choose a level-playing field. If you're a newbie, start with Level Zero - Curious . Learn - level 1 First up, we've got "Learn - Level 1." This is where you'll dive into the basics of legal and policy domains. It's like learning the ABCs, but instead of rhyming ABCs, you'll be wrapping your head around legal jargon. Don't worry; they focus on teaching you how to actually apply this knowledge in the real world. skill - level 2 Next, we've got "Skill - Level 2." This is where things get a little more hands-on. You'll be learning practical skills and soft skills that'll come in handy for entry-level professionals . It's like learning how to make the perfect crème brûlée, but instead of caramelizing sugar, you'll be mastering regular tasks, practice methods, research methods , and project methods. Trust us ; these skills will make you the talk of the office chai & coffee station . grow - level 3 Finally, we've got "Grow - Level 3." This is where the big kids play. We're talking advanced skills and soft skills for both entry-level and experienced professionals . You'll be diving into the procedural, systemic, and instrumental aspects of legal and policy systems. It's like learning how to decipher ancient legal jargon , but instead of uncovering the secrets of long-dead judges , you'll be mastering the cryptic language of contracts , briefs, and court rulings that put insomniacs to shame . Okay, maybe not that extreme , but you get the idea. INDIC PACIFIC LEGAL RESEARCH We're sure you may have some questions to ask. We all do. Before you go ahead with the Frequently Asked Questions, or FAQs, you can go through the general terms & conditions of the training programmes & courses. Check the Terms frequently asked questions [FAQs] What types of training programmes does Indic Pacific offer for technology, business, and legal professionals in India? Our training programmes are structured across three levels: Learn (Level 1), Skill (Level 2), and Grow (Level 3). Each of our programmes is meticulously crafted to be practical and skill-focused. This ensures that our content delivers industry-conscious and industry-ready legal and policy training tailored for professionals in law, technology, and business. What's the format of the training programmes? Our training programmes are composed of three key elements: Lecture Content: Our training programs include comprehensive learning notes that cover general insights, model exercises for self-practice, and curated readings. For select courses, we also provide recorded lectures as an additional learning resource to enhance your understanding of the subject matter. The availability of these recorded lectures may vary depending on the specific course and the instructor and the team's discretion. Doubt-Clearing Sessions: You will have access to scheduled sessions where you can ask questions and clarify any doubts you may have. These sessions are available for a limited time, either on a weekly or monthly basis, depending on the programme. Skill Testing Tools (Optional): As part of the VLiGTA App ecosystem, you have the opportunity to access VLiGTA Pro's skill testing tools for a limited time. These tools are designed to help you assess your understanding and application of the concepts covered in the program. Please note that the access to these skill testing tools is currently in a beta phase, and opting for this feature is optional. Are the training programmes self-paced or do they follow a fixed schedule? Our training programmes and courses are designed to be flexible to meet your learning needs. We offer two main options: Time-limited programmes: These programmes have a fixed duration and schedule. You will need to complete the course within the specified timeframe. Self-paced courses: These courses allow you to learn at your own pace, without strict deadlines. You have the flexibility to complete the course material according to your own schedule. Before enrolling in any of our training programmes or courses, we strongly recommend that you carefully review all the details provided. This will help you understand the course content, format, requirements, and any time commitments involved, ensuring that you select the option that best suits your learning style and availability.If you have any questions or need further guidance, please don't hesitate to reach out to our team. We are here to help you make an informed decision and support you throughout your learning journey. Do participants receive any certification after completing a IndoPacific App training programme? Upon successfully completing one of our training programmes or courses, you will be awarded a certificate of completion. This certificate serves as a testament to your dedication and the knowledge you have acquired throughout the learning journey. To ensure easy access, the certificate will be available for download directly from our platform. Additionally, we will send a digital copy of the certificate to your registered email address, allowing you to keep a permanent record of your achievement. We encourage you to share your success with your loved ones and professional network. Feel free to proudly showcase your certificate of completion with your family, friends, colleagues, and peers. Sharing your accomplishment not only celebrates your hard work but also inspires others to embark on their own learning journeys. Your certificate of completion is a valuable addition to your professional portfolio, demonstrating your commitment to continuous learning and skill development. It can also serve as a conversation starter, opening up new opportunities for growth and collaboration. At Indic Pacific Legal Research, we take pride in your achievements and are thrilled to be a part of your learning journey. Are there any discounts or scholarships available? At Indic Pacific, we strive to provide high-quality training programmes and courses at optimized costs. The pricing details for each programme or course can be found on their respective pages on our website. We have made every effort to ensure that our pricing is competitive and offers excellent value for the content and resources provided.We understand that some individuals may require financial assistance to access our training programmes. If you are an employee of a company or organisation, or a student pursuing studies in the fields of law, policy, or technology, we encourage you to explore the possibility of discounted access or scholarships. To inquire about potential discounts or scholarships, please follow these steps: Reach out to your institution, whether it be your employer or educational institution, and express your interest in our training programmes. Request that your institution contact us directly to discuss the possibility of discounted access or scholarships for their employees or students. Once we receive the inquiry from your institution, our team will promptly get in touch with them to discuss the available options and any necessary arrangements. We believe in making our training programmes accessible to a wide range of individuals and are committed to working with organizations and institutions to facilitate this. By partnering with companies and educational institutions, we aim to support the professional development and learning opportunities of their employees and students. Are IndoPacific App's programmes suitable for Indian law students/professionals or geared towards experienced ones? To gain a comprehensive understanding of the specific deliverables and learning outcomes of each training programme and course, we highly recommend reviewing the detailed syllabus provided. The syllabus offers an in-depth overview of the topics covered, the skills you will acquire, and the practical applications of the knowledge gained. By carefully examining the syllabus, you can make an informed decision about which programme or course best aligns with your professional goals and learning objectives. Our team is also available to provide guidance and answer any questions you may have to ensure that you select the most suitable programme for your needs. At Indic Pacific, we are committed to delivering high-quality, industry-relevant training that empowers professionals to excel in their careers. We invite you to explore our programmes and embark on a transformative learning journey with us. What additional resources does the IndoPacific App offer to keep professionals updated on tech laws and policies? Apart from training programmes, the IndoPacific App offers several other valuable resources to help Indian professionals stay updated on technology laws and policies: Visual Legal Analytica : VLiGTA hosts a publication network called Visual Legal Analytica, where legal ideas and concepts are discussed using engaging graphics and visuals. This unique format makes complex legal topics more accessible and easier to understand for professionals. Check out Research Publications at IndoPacific.App : VLiGTA, as the research arm of Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, produces in-house legal and policy research on technology, law, and governance matters. These research works, inspired by the legacy of the Indian Society of Artificial Intelligence and Law (ISAIL) and Global Law Assembly (GLA), provide insights and solutions to keep professionals informed about the latest developments in the field. Weekly Newsletter: ISAIL , in collaboration with Indic Pacific Legal Research, shares regular updates on AI, law, and policy through a weekly newsletter called "Indian.Substack.com ." Subscribers receive the latest news and insights directly from the Chairperson's Office, ensuring they stay up-to-date with the most recent advancements and discussions in the field. AI & Law Resources: The IndoPacific App provides in-depth analysis of important developments in technology law and policy. For example, we had recently shared their insights on the IndiaAI Expert Group Report by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, offering valuable perspectives for professionals to consider. Sure, there are more technology law courses out there than you can shake a gavel at. But let's be real – most of them are about as engaging as a 500- page terms and conditions document. At Indic Pacific Legal Research we believe that learning about the legal side of technology shouldn't feel like a punishment. That's why we've crafted a programme that's equal parts informative and entertaining. You know the best part? You can complete the programme at your own pace, whether that means binge-learning over a weekend or taking it slow and steady like a tortoise with a LLM or MBA.

You may find the list of terms and conditions published by Indic Pacific Legal Research here. List of Terms & Conditions You can access all the terms & conditions, rules and guidelines here. General Terms & conditions for training programmes & vligta pro Read Indo-Pacific Research Ethics Framework on Artificial Intelligence Use (IPAC AI) Read Research Credibility and Administration Directive for the Vidhitsa Law Institute of Global and Technology Affairs (RCAD-VLiGTA) Read Directive on Research Activities and Partnerships for the Vidhista Law Institute of Global and Technology Affairs (DRAP-VLiGTA) Read W3C ACCESSIBILITY STatement Read Refund and Return Policy for Publications Read Royalty Conditions for Publications Read VLiGTA Writing and Formatting Style guide Read General terms & conditions (including Refund Policy) for Events Read Statement on CC BY-NC-ND License Implementation on indopacific.app Read privacy policy Read General Terms & conditions for training programmes & vligta pro Welcome to Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP ("Indic Pacific"). These Terms and Conditions ("Terms") govern your use of our online courses (referred to as "Training Programmes") and digital testing tools, including question banks and psychometric tests (collectively referred to as "VLiGTA® Pro tools"). By accessing or using our services, you agree to be bound by these Terms. If you do not agree to these Terms, you must not use our services. 1. Use of Services 1.1 Eligibility: You must be at least 18 years old to use our Training Programmes and the VLiGTA® Pro Tools. By using our services, you represent and warrant that you meet this age requirement. 1.2 Account Registration: To access certain features of our services, you may be required to create an account. You are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your account information and for all activities that occur under your account. 1.3 Permitted Use: Our services, including any training programme, course, or VLiGTA® Pro tools, are provided for your personal and non-commercial use only. These services should not be construed as legal advice by virtue of their use. You may not use our services for any illegal or unauthorised purpose. 2. Online Courses (Training Programmes) 2.1 Access and License: Upon purchasing or enrolling in a Training Programme, Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP grants you a limited, non-exclusive, non-transferable license to access and view the course content (of a training programme) for your personal, non-commercial use and book appointments for doubt-clearing sessions associated with the training programme. 2.2 Course Availability: We reserve the right to modify, update, or discontinue any Training Programme at any time without notice. 2.3 Doubt-clearing Sessions: Please find below the terms and conditions for opting doubt-clearing sessions: Appointment Scheduling: Participants may schedule appointments for doubt-clearing sessions based on the instructor's availability during the access period of the training programme or course. Scope of Questions: During doubt-clearing sessions, participants may ask academic questions related to the training programme material, general insights, model exercises, case studies, further readings, and general trends pertaining to the subject matter. For any technical legal and policy queries, participants are advised to opt for paid legal consulting sessions offered separately by Indic Pacific Legal Research by contacting them directly. No Recordings: Doubt-clearing sessions will not be recorded, and no recordings will be provided to participants. Personal Use Only: Access to doubt-clearing sessions is intended for personal, non-commercial use only. Confidentiality: All discussions during doubt-clearing sessions are confidential. Participants are prohibited from transcribing, recording, or reproducing any part of the session in any manner. Unlimited Sessions: Participants may book as many doubt-clearing sessions as they wish until their access to the training programme or course expires. By opting for doubt-clearing sessions, participants agree to adhere to these terms and conditions. 2.4 Completion Certificate: Upon successful completion of a Training Programme, you may be eligible to receive a completion certificate. The criteria for earning a certificate will be specified in the course / training programme details. 3. Digital Testing Tools (VLiGTA® Pro) 3.1 License to Use: Indic Pacific grants you a limited, non-exclusive, non-transferable license to utilize the VLiGTA® Pro Tools as part of the VLiGTA App ecosystem. This license is specifically for personal, non-commercial use and is provided on a voluntary, opt-in basis during the beta phase of these tools. Please be aware that this beta phase is a testing period, and access to the tools is provided without any commitment to continue such access post-beta. 3.2 Data Collection and Use: While using the VLiGTA® Pro Tools, Indic Pacific may collect and analyse data related to your interaction with the tools. By choosing to use these tools, you consent to the collection, analysis, and use of your data, consistent with our Privacy Policy. This process helps enhance tool functionality and user experience. 3.3 Educational and Informational Purposes: The VLiGTA® Pro Tools are intended solely for educational and informational purposes. They are not designed to serve as a diagnostic tool. The tools aim to assist both professionals and students in assessing their understanding and application of relevant concepts. Access to these tools is optional and provided without any obligation to offer such access permanently or in a finalized commercial form. 4. Intellectual Property Rights and Research Use 4.1 All content included in our Training Programmes and the VLiGTA® Pro Tools, such as text, graphics, logos, images, as well as the compilation thereof, and any software used on the site, is the property of Indic Pacific or its content suppliers and protected by copyright and other intellectual property laws. 4.2 Research Use: Any material, insights, or information shared during doubt-clearing sessions or conversations as part of the deliverables of the training programme may be used for research purposes. We are committed to ensuring that this information is handled with the utmost respect for privacy and confidentiality. Personal identifiers will be removed to protect your identity, and any data used will be anonymized in accordance with our Privacy Policy. Please note that recordings and annotations using AI tools will not be conducted. By participating in these sessions, you consent to the use of shared information for research, while we remain dedicated to maintaining the highest standards of data privacy and security. 5. Refund and Cancellation Policy 5.1 Refunds: Refunds for Training Programmes may be requested within 7 days of purchase, provided the training programme has not been completed or a certificate issued. To request a refund, a clear reason must be provided. Valid reasons for refunds may include: Technical issues preventing access to essential components of the training programme. Dissatisfaction with the content or quality of the training materials: To qualify for a refund based on dissatisfaction with the training materials, specific issues must be present, such as content not aligning with the advertised description, significant usability or learning impediments due to course material flaws, or demonstrably inaccurate information. Duplicate purchase made in error. 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Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Date of Addition 17 October 2025 A neural network architecture that divides computational layers into multiple specialized sub-networks (experts) with a gating mechanism that dynamically routes inputs to the most relevant experts, activating only a subset of the model's parameters for any given task. MoE enables models to scale to billions of parameters while maintaining computational efficiency by selectively engaging experts rather than activating the entire network, achieving faster pretraining and inference times compared to dense models of equivalent quality. Originally proposed in 1991 and recently implemented in leading LLMs like Mixtral 8x7B and reportedly GPT-4, MoE architectures address the fundamental tradeoff between model capacity and computational efficiency through task specialization. The gating network learns to assess input characteristics and calculate probability distributions determining which experts receive each token, with training optimizing both expert networks and routing mechanisms simultaneously. Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Decoding the AI Competency Triad for Public Officials [IPLR-IG-014] Learn More NIST Adversarial Machine Learning Taxonomies: Decoded, IPLR-IG-016 Learn More Normative Emergence in Cyber Geographies: International Algorithmic Law in a Multipolar Technological Order, First Edition Learn More Previous Term Next Term The Indic Pacific Glossary The Complete Glossary terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Liked our Work? Search it now on IndoPacific.App Get Searching Our Research Know more about our Knowledge Base, years of accumulated and developed in-house research at Indic Pacific Legal Research. Search our Research Treasure on IndoPacific.App. :) Auditing AI Companies for Corporate Internal Investigations in India, VLiGTA-TR-005 Get this Publication 2023 ISBN 978-81-959932-5-3 Author(s) Abhivardhan, Akash Manwani Editor(s) Not Applicable IndoPacific.App Identifier (ID) VLiGTA-TR-005 Tags Abhivardhan, Artificial Intelligence and Law, Artificial Intelligence and Policy in India, EU AI Act, European regulation, India AI, Indo-Pacific, Western Europe and North America Related Terms in Techindata.in Explainers Definitions - A - E AI as a Concept AI as an Object AI as a Subject AI as a Third Party AI Explainability Clause Accountability Data-related Definitions in DPDPA Definitions - F - J General intelligence applications with multiple short-run or unclear use cases as per industrial and regulatory standards (GI2) General intelligence applications with multiple stable use cases as per relevant industrial and regulatory standards (GI1) Generative AI applications with one standalone use case (GAI1) In-context Learning Inference Latency Intended Purpose / Specified Purpose Definitions - K - P Language Model Manifest Availability Model Algorithmic Ethics standards (MAES) Multivariant, Fungible & Disruptive Use Cases & Test Cases of Generative AI Object-Oriented Design Proprietary Information Definitions - Q - U Roughdraft AI SOTP Classification Synthetic Content Technical concept classifcation Techno-Legal Measures (DPDP Rules + DPDPA) Technology by Default Technology by Design Technology Distancing Technology Transfer Technophobia Definitions - V - Z Whole-of-Government Response Related Articles in Techindata.in Insights 34 Insight(s) on AI Ethics 9 Insight(s) on AI Governance 8 Insight(s) on AI and Competition Law 8 Insight(s) on AI and Copyright Law 8 Insight(s) on AI and media sciences 8 Insight(s) on AI regulation 8 Insight(s) on AI literacy 5 Insight(s) on AI and Evidence Law 4 Insight(s) on Abhivardhan 2 Insight(s) on AI and Intellectual Property Law 1 Insight(s) on AI and Securities Law 1 Insight(s) on Algorithmic Trading . Previous Item Next Item

Liked our Work? Search it now on IndoPacific.App Get Searching Our Research Know more about our Knowledge Base, years of accumulated and developed in-house research at Indic Pacific Legal Research. Search our Research Treasure on IndoPacific.App. :) The Global AI Inventorship Handbook, First Edition [RHB-AI-INVENT-001-2025] Get this Publication 2025 ISBN 978-81-986924-7-4 Author(s) Abhivardhan, Bhavana J Sekhar, Kailash Chauhan Editor(s) Not Applicable IndoPacific.App Identifier (ID) RHB-AI-INVENT-001-2025 Tags 2014-2023, 78% growth rate, Abhivardhan, AI democratization, AI inventorship, AI patents, AI-generated content, AiInventorship.com, China, classification consistency, copyright infringement, copyright law, Data Governance, fair use doctrine, gene data, Generative AI, global AI landscape AI patent challenges AI ethics policies, human inventors, image data, India, infographics, Intellectual Property, Japan, knowledge management, Legal Challenges, legal infrastructure, mind maps, molecule data, music data, non-obviousness, ownership issues, patent families, patent law, patent offices, Patentability, protein data, RBI FREE-AI Committee, Republic of Korea, speech data, text data, trade secret protection, training data, United States, video data Related Terms in Techindata.in Explainers Definitions - A - E AI as an Industry AI as a Legal Entity AI as a Subject AI as a Third Party AI-based Anthropomorphization Accountability Anthropomorphism-based concept classification Context Window Definitions - F - J Intended Purpose / Specified Purpose Definitions - K - P Language Model Manifest Availability Model Algorithmic Ethics standards (MAES) Multivariant, Fungible & Disruptive Use Cases & Test Cases of Generative AI Object-Oriented Design Proprietary Information Definitions - Q - U Roughdraft AI SOTP Classification Synthetic Content Technical concept classifcation Technology by Default Technology by Design Technology Distancing Technology Transfer Technophobia Toolware Definitions - V - Z Whole-of-Government Response Related Articles in Techindata.in Insights 34 Insight(s) on AI Ethics 8 Insight(s) on AI and Copyright Law 8 Insight(s) on AI and media sciences 8 Insight(s) on AI literacy 7 Insight(s) on AI Innovation 3 Insight(s) on AI and Coding 2 Insight(s) on AI Patentability 2 Insight(s) on AI and Intellectual Property Law . Previous Item Next Item

AI as an Object The Indic Pacific Glossary The Complete Glossary AI as an Object Date of Addition 26 Apr 2024 It means Artificial Intelligence may be considered as the inhibitor and enabler of an electronic or digital environment, to which a human being is subjected to. This classification is an inverse to the idea of an 'AI as a Subject', assuming that while human environments and natural environments do affect AI processing & outputs, even the design and interface of any AI system could affect and affect a human being as a data subject (as per the GDPR) / data principal (as per the DPDPA). This idea was proposed in the 2020 Handbook on AI and International Law (2021). Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App 2021 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2021 ISAIL] Learn More Regulatory Sandboxes for Artificial Intelligence: Techno-Legal Approaches for India [ISAIL-TR-002] Learn More Deciphering Regulative Methods for Generative AI [VLiGTA-TR-002] Learn More Promoting Economy of Innovation through Explainable AI [VLiGTA-TR-003] Learn More Auditing AI Companies for Corporate Internal Investigations in India, VLiGTA-TR-005 Learn More [Version 1] A New Artificial Intelligence Strategy and an Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Bill, 2023 Learn More [Version 2] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023 Learn More Artificial Intelligence Governance using Complex Adaptivity: Feedback Report, First Edition, 2024 Learn More Legal Strategies for Open Source Artificial Intelligence Practices, IPLR-IG-004 Learn More Ethical AI Implementation and Integration in Digital Public Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-005 Learn More [AIACT.IN V3] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 3 Learn More AIACT.IN Version 3 Quick Explainer Learn More The Indic Approach to Artificial Intelligence Policy [IPLR-IG-006] Learn More Reimaging and Restructuring MeiTY for India [IPLR-IG-007] Learn More Navigating Risk and Responsibility in AI-Driven Predictive Maintenance for Spacecraft, IPLR-IG-009, First Edition, 2024 Learn More Sections 4-9, AiACT.IN V4 Infographic Explainers Learn More [AIACT.IN V4] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 4 Learn More [AIACT.IN V5] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 5 Learn More 2020 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2020 ISAIL] Learn More Previous Term Next Term terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Punjab and Haryana High Court March 2023 bail order marking first Indian judicial use of ChatGPT for researching bail jurisprudence in murder case. Jaswinder Singh @ Jassi v. State of Punjab & Anr., CRM-M-22496-2022, order dated 27-3-2023 Punjab and Haryana High Court March 2023 bail order marking first Indian judicial use of ChatGPT for researching bail jurisprudence in murder case. Previous Next The AIACT.IN India AI Regulation Tracker This is a simple regulatory tracker consisting all information on how India is regulating artificial intelligence as a technology, inspired from a seminal paper authored by Abhivardhan and Deepanshu Singh for the Forum of Federations, Canada, entitled, "Government with Algorithms: Managing AI in India’s Federal System – Number 70 ". We have also included case laws along with regulatory / governance documents, and avoided adding any industry documents or policy papers which do not reflect any direct or implicit legal impact. March 2023 Read the Document Issuing Authority Punjab & Haryana High Court Type of Legal / Policy Document Judicial Pronouncements - National Court Precedents Status Enacted Regulatory Stage Miscellaneous Binding Value Legally binding instruments enforceable before courts AIACT. Regulation Visualiser Find more sources Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Regularizing Artificial Intelligence Ethics in the Indo-Pacific [GLA-TR-002] Learn More Impact-Based Legal Problems around Generative AI in Publishing, IPLR-IG-010 Learn More Indo-Pacific Research Ethics Framework on Artificial Intelligence Use [IPac AI] Learn More The Global AI Inventorship Handbook, First Edition [RHB-AI-INVENT-001-2025] Learn More Related draft AI Law Provisions of aiact.in Section 3 – Classification of Artificial Intelligence Section 3 – Classification of Artificial Intelligence Section 7 – Risk-centric Methods of Classification Section 7 – Risk-centric Methods of Classification Section 8 – Prohibition of Unintended Risk AI Systems Section 8 – Prohibition of Unintended Risk AI Systems

Click and learn every basics you need to know as you are starting to understand the intersection of legal concepts and artificial intelligence as a field of computer science, for free. TechinData.in Connect Explore More AI & Law 101 Inspired by The LegalTechPolicy.com Playbook, First Edition Inspired by The LegalTechPolicy.com Playbook Inspired by 2021 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2021 ISAIL] Inspired by Global Customary International Law Index: A Prologue [GLA-TR-00X] Inspired by Regularizing Artificial Intelligence Ethics in the Indo-Pacific [GLA-TR-002] Inspired by An Indian Perspective on Special Purpose Acquisition Companies [GLA-TR-001] Inspired by India-led Global Governance in the Indo-Pacific: Basis & Approaches [GLA-TR-003] Inspired by Regulatory Sovereignty in India: Indigenizing Competition-Technology Approaches [ISAIL-TR-001] Inspired by Regulatory Sandboxes for Artificial Intelligence: Techno-Legal Approaches for India [ISAIL-TR-002] Inspired by Global Legalism, Volume 1 Inspired by Global Relations and Legal Policy, Volume 1 [GRLP1] Inspired by South Asian Review of International Law, Volume 1 Inspired by Indian International Law Series, Volume 1 Inspired by Global Relations and Legal Policy, Volume 2 Inspired by Deciphering Artificial Intelligence Hype and its Legal-Economic Risks [VLiGTA-TR-001] Inspired by Deciphering Regulative Methods for Generative AI [VLiGTA-TR-002] Inspired by Promoting Economy of Innovation through Explainable AI [VLiGTA-TR-003] Inspired by Reinventing & Regulating Policy Use Cases of Web3 for India [VLiGTA-TR-004] Inspired by Auditing AI Companies for Corporate Internal Investigations in India, VLiGTA-TR-005 Inspired by The Policy Purpose of a Multipolar Agenda for India, First Edition, 2023 Inspired by [Version 1] A New Artificial Intelligence Strategy and an Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Bill, 2023 Inspired by [Version 2] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023 Inspired by Artificial Intelligence Governance using Complex Adaptivity: Feedback Report, First Edition, 2024 Inspired by Draft Digital Competition Bill, 2024 for India: Feedback Report [IPLR-IG-003] Inspired by Legal Strategies for Open Source Artificial Intelligence Practices, IPLR-IG-004 Inspired by Artificial Intelligence and Policy in India, Volume 4 [AIPI-V4] Inspired by Ethical AI Implementation and Integration in Digital Public Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-005 Inspired by [AIACT.IN V3] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 3 Inspired by AIACT.IN Version 3 Quick Explainer Inspired by The Indic Approach to Artificial Intelligence Policy [IPLR-IG-006] Inspired by Reimaging and Restructuring MeiTY for India [IPLR-IG-007] Inspired by Artificial Intelligence and Policy in India, Volume 5 [AIPI-V5] Inspired by Indic Pacific - ISAIL Joint Annual Report, 2022-24 Inspired by The Legal and Ethical Implications of Monosemanticity in LLMs [IPLR-IG-008] Inspired by Navigating Risk and Responsibility in AI-Driven Predictive Maintenance for Spacecraft, IPLR-IG-009, First Edition, 2024 Inspired by Impact-Based Legal Problems around Generative AI in Publishing, IPLR-IG-010 Inspired by Legal-Economic Issues in Indian AI Compute and Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-011 Inspired by Paving the Path to an International Model Law on Carbon Taxes [IPLR-IG-012] Inspired by Sections 4-9, AiACT.IN V4 Infographic Explainers Inspired by Averting Framework Fatigue in AI Governance [IPLR-IG-013] Inspired by Decoding the AI Competency Triad for Public Officials [IPLR-IG-014] Inspired by [AIACT.IN V4] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 4 Inspired by [AIACT.IN V5] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 5 Inspired by Reckoning the Viability of Safe Harbour in Technology Law, IPLR-IG-015 Inspired by Indo-Pacific Research Ethics Framework on Artificial Intelligence Use [IPac AI] Inspired by NIST Adversarial Machine Learning Taxonomies: Decoded, IPLR-IG-016 Inspired by The Global AI Inventorship Handbook, First Edition [RHB-AI-INVENT-001-2025] Inspired by Normative Emergence in Cyber Geographies: International Algorithmic Law in a Multipolar Technological Order, First Edition Inspired by AI Bias & the Overlap of AI Diplomacy and Governance Ethics Dilemmas Inspired by Artificial Intelligence and Policy in India, Volume 6 [AIPI-V6] Inspired by Artificial Intelligence, Market Power and India in a Multipolar World Inspired by 2020 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2020 ISAIL] Enjoy the virtual experience to deeply understand the basics of this domain. Still curious? Just binge-read. honestly, aI is the talk of the town, which is why, let's understand piece-by-piece about aI ethics & Governance. what is data, let alone artificial intelligence? Data is like the "food" AI consumes to grow smarter. Just as humans learn from experiences, AI systems learn by analyzing vast amounts of data. This data can be numbers, text, images, or even sensor readings. Now, Data could be numerical, categorical, visual and more. Yet, we live in a world where Unstructured Data exists. Social media content, and videos. It's just scattered. Structured Data, means the data collected is organised, by purpose. You do organise data the way you have to. That's important. But it could be Structured, and Unstructured too. Right to Access Data Imagine you lend your friend a notebook. You have the right to ask, “Hey, can I see what you wrote about me?” How It Works: Companies must show you what data they’ve collected (e.g., your purchase history, location data). Next time if an OTT platform tracks what you watch, you can ask for a copy of that list. Right to Correct Errors Let's say your teacher spells your name wrong on a test, you’d say, “That’s not me—fix it!” Here's how this right works: If a bank has your old address, you can demand they update it. Fixing a typo in your email on Amazon so you don’t miss delivery updates. Right to Delete Data Think of a photo you posted online but later regretted. You’d delete it and say, “I don’t want this here anymore.” How It Works: Ask social media platforms to remove old posts or accounts. Example: Deleting your search history from Google so it stops showing you ads for embarrassing things. The first AI applications in law were simple databases. They evolved into more complex systems capable of performing basic legal analysis. Before 2016, local courts in China operated their individual information systems with little to no interconnectivity. The introduction of the national smart court system mandated a uniform digital format for documents and a centralized database in Beijing. This central “brain” now analyses nearly 100,000 cases daily, ensuring consistency and aiding in the detection of malpractice or corruption. The AI system’s reach extends beyond the courtroom. It directly accesses databases maintained by police, prosecutors, and some government agencies, significantly improving verdict enforcement by instantly identifying and seizing convicts’ properties for auction. Furthermore, it interfaces with China’s social credit system, restricting debtors from accessing certain services like flights and high-speed trains. But guess what? While AI can handle the syllogism and conditional reasoning of legal texts, it fails to grasp the subtleties of natural law, human rights, and the intricate web of legal judgments. Okay, what is Ethics then? Let's understand this with a story. There are some basic principles of ethics, which are quite universally applicable, in the case of artificial intelligence, and even lack of jurisdiction might never be able to undo the need to address them in practice. Transparency Imagine you’re playing a game, but the rules are hidden. It would feel unfair, right? Similarly, AI systems must be open about how they work. Accountability If a self-driving car causes an accident, someone must take responsibility. Blaming the car alone isn’t enough. Privacy Sharing someone’s secrets without permission is unethical. Similarly, AI must respect personal data. Fairness A referee in a sports game should treat all players equally. If they favor one team, it ruins the game. AI must also avoid favoritism. Now, while it may feel that implementing these principles isn't easy, it's not impossible to think of these ideas in the most basic way as may be possible. So, what is Ethics then? Is it conditional, or unconditional? Let's now understand the implementation value of AI Frameworks. Every ethical idea around AI boils down to whether it can be implemented or not. There is a huge lack of country-specific AI Safety documentation. Paralysis 2: Lack of Jurisdiction-Specific Documentation on AI Safety Think of building a fire safety system for a city without knowing where fires have occurred or how they started. Without this knowledge, it’s hard to design effective safety measures. Many countries don’t have enough local research or documentation about AI safety incidents—like cases of biased algorithms or data breaches. While governments talk about principles like transparency and privacy in global forums, they often lack concrete, country-specific data or institutions to back up these discussions with real-world evidence. This makes it harder to create effective safety measures tailored to local needs. Supervised Learning Imagine a teacher giving you a math problem and the correct answer. You learn by mimicking the process. How It Works: Machines are trained on labeled data (input + correct output). Examples: Spam email detection, image recognition. Techniques include Linear regression, decision trees, neural networks. Unsupervised Learning imagine being dropped into a room full of strangers and figuring out who belongs to which group based on their behaviour. How It Works: Machines find patterns in unlabelled data. Examples: Customer segmentation, anomaly detection. Techniques include K-means clustering, principal component analysis (PCA). Reinforcement Learning Think of training a dog with treats. The dog learns which actions get rewards. How It Works: Machines learn by trial and error through rewards and punishments. Examples: Game-playing AIs like AlphaGo, robotics. Techniques include Q-learning, deep reinforcement learning. Semi-Supervised Learning Imagine doing homework where only some answers are given. You figure out the rest based on what you know. How It Works: Combines small labeled datasets with large unlabeled ones. Examples: Medical image classification when labeled data is scarce. Here's some confession: never convert ethics terms into balloonish jargons or they won't work. Paralysis 3: Responsible AI Is Overrated, and Trustworthy AI Is Misrepresented Imagine a company claiming its product is "eco-friendly," but all they’ve done is slap a green label on it without making real changes. This is what happens with "Responsible AI" and "Trustworthy AI." "Responsible AI" sounds great—it’s about accountability and fairness—but in practice, it often becomes a buzzword. Companies use these terms to look ethical while prioritizing profits over real responsibility. For example, they might create flashy ethics boards or policies that don’t actually hold anyone accountable. This dilutes the meaning of these ideals and turns them into empty gestures rather than meaningful governance. Neurosymbolic AI Think of it as combining intuition (neural networks) with logic (symbolic reasoning). It’s like solving puzzles using both gut feeling and rules. How It Works: Merges symbolic reasoning (rule-based systems) with neural networks for better interpretability and reasoning. Examples: AI systems for legal reasoning or scientific discovery. The more garbage your questions are on AI, the more garbage will be your policy understanding on AI. Paralysis 4: How AI Awareness Becomes Policy Distraction Imagine everyone panicking about fixing potholes on one road while ignoring that the entire city’s bridges are crumbling. That’s what happens when public awareness drives shallow policymaking. When people become highly aware of visible AI issues—like facial recognition—they pressure governments to act quickly. Governments often respond by creating flashy policies that address these visible problems but ignore deeper challenges like reskilling workers for an AI-driven economy or fixing outdated infrastructure. This creates a distraction from systemic issues that need more attention. Beware: most Gen AI benchmarks are fake. Paralysis 5: Fragmentation in the AI Innovation Cycle and Benchmarking Imagine you’re comparing cars, but each car is tested on different tracks with different rules—one focuses on speed, another on fuel efficiency, and yet another on safety. Without a standard way to compare them, it’s hard to decide which car is actually the best. That’s the problem with AI benchmarking today. In AI development, benchmarks are tools used to measure how well models perform specific tasks. However, not all benchmarks are created equal—they vary in quality, reliability, and what they actually measure. This practice creates confusion because users might assume all benchmarks are equally meaningful, leading to incorrect conclusions about a model’s capabilities. Many benchmarks don’t clearly distinguish between real performance differences (signal) and random variations (noise). A benchmark designed to test factual accuracy might not account for how users interact with the model in real-world scenarios. Without incorporating realistic user interactions or formal verification methods, these benchmarks may provide misleading assessments. Why It Matters : Governments increasingly rely on benchmarks to regulate AI systems and assess compliance with safety standards. However, if these benchmarks are flawed or inconsistent: Policymakers might base decisions on unreliable data. Developers might optimise for benchmarks that don’t reflect real-world needs, slowing meaningful progress. AI Governance priorities sometimes may not be as obvious around privacy & accountability as we know it. Paralysis 6: Organizational Priorities Are Multifaceted and Conflicted Imagine trying to bake a cake while three people shout different instructions: one wants chocolate frosting (investors), another wants it gluten-free (regulators), and the third wants it ready in five minutes (public trust). It’s hard to satisfy everyone. Organizations face conflicting demands when adopting AI: Investors want quick returns on investment (ROI) from AI projects. Regulators require compliance with evolving laws like the EU AI Act. The public expects ethical branding and transparency. These competing priorities make it difficult for companies to create cohesive strategies for responsible AI adoption. Instead, they end up balancing short-term profits with long-term accountability—a juggling act that complicates governance. Here's some truth: it never gets easy for anyone. Paralysis 1: Regulation May or May Not Have a Trickle-Down Effect Imagine writing a rulebook for a game, but when the players start playing, they don’t follow the rules—or worse, the rules don’t actually change how the game is played. That’s what happens when regulations fail to have the intended impact. Governments might pass laws or policies to regulate AI, but these rules don’t always work as planned. For example, a law designed to make AI systems fairer might not actually affect how companies build or use AI because it’s too hard to enforce or doesn’t address real-world challenges. This creates a gap between policy intentions and market realities. Still, there will be AI risks, and one must determine them in a reasonable way. Think of AI risk like weather forecasting - but instead of predicting rain, we're trying to predict how AI systems might affect people and society. Let's break this down in a way that focuses on actual outcomes rather than theoretical frameworks. What are some Immediate Effects? Individual harm (like biased lending decisions) System failures (like AI safety incidents) Data breaches or privacy violations Economic displacement What could be some Systemic Effects? Social inequality amplification Market concentration Governance or Political process interference Cultural homogenisation Instead of abstract risk categories, focus on: Observable Impacts such as documented incidents, user complaints, system failures and performance disparities across target groups Systemic Changes such as market structure shift, behavioural changes & cultural practice alterations in affected populations and environmental impacts Cascading Effects such as secondary economic impacts, social relationship changes, trust in institutions and power dynamics shifts We are glad you made this far to understand the basics of artificial intelligence and law. Wish to read more genuine sources? Go to IndoPacific.App and find a plethora of research we've done on AI and Law. Go to IndoPacific.App Always ask yourself Who is actually affected? What changes in behavior are we seeing? Which impacts are measurable now? What long-term trends are emerging? Speaking of dictionaries, have you tried our Training Programmes? You Should. artificial intelligence and law fundamentals [level 1] 8,000 INR 6-week Access (Self-paced) 15 Lectures in 4 Modules 50+ Model Exercises Lecture Notes of 280+ pages Check & Enroll Today. artificial intelligence and intellectual property law [level 2] 30,000 INR 12-week Access (Self-paced) 16 Lectures in 3 Modules 70+ Model Exercises 30+ Case studies Lecture Notes of 400+ pages Check & Enroll Today. artificial intelligence and corporate governance [level 2] 35,000 INR 15-week Access (Self-paced) 18 Lectures in 5 Modules 80+ Model Exercises 25+ Case studies Lecture Notes of 400+ pages Check & Enroll Today. By the way, what if we tell you that there is a whole dictionary of AI and Law terms that we have developed? Check out the Indic Pacific Glossary, today. Go to our Glossary But before we dive into AI Frameworks, let's take a recap to understand AI, & ML too. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is like the term "transportation." It covers everything from bicycles to airplanes. AI refers to machines designed to mimic human intelligence—like learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making. But just as "transportation" includes many forms (cars, trains, boats), AI includes various approaches and techniques. So, WTF is Machine Learning anyway? ML focuses on teaching machines to learn from data rather than being explicitly programmed. Think of it like teaching a dog tricks by showing it treats instead of manually moving its paws. Here are some types of ML you should know. Now, there are some common rights, which have been recognised across the world, for you, and us, and others, when it comes to use and sharing of data. Let's explore some Data Protection Rights, shall we? Right to Opt-Out/Object If a store keeps texting you coupons, you’d say, “Stop spamming me!” How It Works: Tell companies not to sell your data or send targeted ads. It's like clicking “unsubscribe” on promotional emails from a shopping app. Right to Withdraw Consent If you let a friend borrow your bike but change your mind, you’d say, “Actually, I need it back.” How It Works: Revoke permission for apps to track your location or contacts. Something like turning off Facebook’s access to your phone’s camera after initially allowing it.

Released on December 8, 2025, by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), this consultation paper represents India's first institutional effort to reform copyright law for the artificial intelligence era. The document was prepared by an eight-member expert committee constituted on April 28, 2025, under the chairpersonship of Ms. Himani Pande (Additional Secretary, DPIIT), with Ms. Simrat Kaur (Director, Copyright, Design and CIPAM) serving as Member and Convenor. Working Paper on Generative AI and Copyright (Part 1): "One Nation One License One Payment" Released on December 8, 2025, by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), this consultation paper represents India's first institutional effort to reform copyright law for the artificial intelligence era. The document was prepared by an eight-member expert committee constituted on April 28, 2025, under the chairpersonship of Ms. Himani Pande (Additional Secretary, DPIIT), with Ms. Simrat Kaur (Director, Copyright, Design and CIPAM) serving as Member and Convenor. Previous Next The AIACT.IN India AI Regulation Tracker This is a simple regulatory tracker consisting all information on how India is regulating artificial intelligence as a technology, inspired from a seminal paper authored by Abhivardhan and Deepanshu Singh for the Forum of Federations, Canada, entitled, "Government with Algorithms: Managing AI in India’s Federal System – Number 70 ". We have also included case laws along with regulatory / governance documents, and avoided adding any industry documents or policy papers which do not reflect any direct or implicit legal impact. December 2025 Read the Document Issuing Authority Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry Type of Legal / Policy Document Guidance documents with normative influence Status Enacted Regulatory Stage Pre-regulatory Binding Value Guidance documents with normative influence AIACT. Regulation Visualiser Find more sources Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Ethical AI Implementation and Integration in Digital Public Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-005 Learn More Legal-Economic Issues in Indian AI Compute and Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-011 Learn More Related draft AI Law Provisions of aiact.in Section 10 – Composition and Functions of the Council Section 10 – Composition and Functions of the Council Section 15 – Guidance Principles for AI-related Agreements Section 15 – Guidance Principles for AI-related Agreements Section 16 – Guidance Principles for AI-related Corporate Governance Section 16 – Guidance Principles for AI-related Corporate Governance Section 17 – Post-Deployment Monitoring of High-Risk AI Systems Section 17 – Post-Deployment Monitoring of High-Risk AI Systems

Omnipresence Date of Addition 26 April 2024 In the context of Artificial Intelligence, this implies that any AI system, due to its inherent yet limited features of processing and generating outputs, could be present or relevant in multiple frames of reference such as sectors, timelines, geographies, realities, levels of sovereignty, and many other factors. This was discussed in Artificial Intelligence Ethics and International Law (originally published in 2019), Regulatory Sovereignty in India: Indigenizing Competition- Technology Approaches, ISAIL-TR-001 (2021), Deciphering Regulative Methods for Generative AI, VLiGTA-TR-002 (2023) and many key publications by ISAIL & VLiGTA . Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App The LegalTechPolicy.com Playbook, First Edition Learn More 2021 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2021 ISAIL] Learn More Draft Digital Competition Bill, 2024 for India: Feedback Report [IPLR-IG-003] Learn More The Indic Approach to Artificial Intelligence Policy [IPLR-IG-006] Learn More Reimaging and Restructuring MeiTY for India [IPLR-IG-007] Learn More Averting Framework Fatigue in AI Governance [IPLR-IG-013] Learn More Normative Emergence in Cyber Geographies: International Algorithmic Law in a Multipolar Technological Order, First Edition Learn More AI Bias & the Overlap of AI Diplomacy and Governance Ethics Dilemmas Learn More 2020 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2020 ISAIL] Learn More Previous Term Next Term The Indic Pacific Glossary The Complete Glossary terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Transformer Model Date of Addition 22 March 2025 A neural network architecture introduced in the 2017 Google paper "Attention Is All You Need" that uses self-attention mechanisms to process sequential data. Transformers can determine relationships between elements in a sequence without the need for recurrent connections, enabling more efficient parallel processing. Transformer models consist of encoder and decoder components working together with an attention mechanism that weighs the importance of different elements in the input sequence. This architecture has proven remarkably versatile, powering advances in natural language processing, computer vision, and multimodal AI. Transformers form the foundation of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and have enabled significant breakthroughs in AI's ability to understand and generate human-like perceivable content. Their ability to process all elements of a sequence in parallel (rather than sequentially) has dramatically improved training efficiency compared to earlier architectures. Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App [Version 1] A New Artificial Intelligence Strategy and an Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Bill, 2023 Learn More [Version 2] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023 Learn More Draft Digital Competition Bill, 2024 for India: Feedback Report [IPLR-IG-003] Learn More [AIACT.IN V3] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 3 Learn More AIACT.IN Version 3 Quick Explainer Learn More Sections 4-9, AiACT.IN V4 Infographic Explainers Learn More [AIACT.IN V4] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 4 Learn More [AIACT.IN V5] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 5 Learn More NIST Adversarial Machine Learning Taxonomies: Decoded, IPLR-IG-016 Learn More Normative Emergence in Cyber Geographies: International Algorithmic Law in a Multipolar Technological Order, First Edition Learn More Previous Term Next Term The Indic Pacific Glossary The Complete Glossary terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com