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Indic Pacific Legal Research effectively addresses legal and policy challenges in digital technology through our tech-savvy approach. We are specialised in artificial intelligence governance. Indic Pacific is a research firm that delivers research-backed technology law expertise and AI governance solutions grounded in real-world market trust & value. That's it. That's what we do. Clean & simple. Indic Pacific delivers research-backed technology law expertise and AI governance solutions grounded in real-world market trust & value. That's it. That's what we do. Clean & simple. Hi, Welcome to Indic Pacific. We have built India's biggest technology law and policy archive from ground up in 5 years. Search an AI governance word to access our research & insights. 2021 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2021 ISAIL] Global Customary International Law Index: A Prologue [GLA-TR-00X] Regularizing Artificial Intelligence Ethics in the Indo-Pacific [GLA-TR-002] An Indian Perspective on Special Purpose Acquisition Companies [GLA-TR-001] India-led Global Governance in the Indo-Pacific: Basis & Approaches [GLA-TR-003] Regulatory Sovereignty in India: Indigenizing Competition-Technology Approaches [ISAIL-TR-001] Regulatory Sandboxes for Artificial Intelligence: Techno-Legal Approaches for India [ISAIL-TR-002] Global Legalism, Volume 1 Global Relations and Legal Policy, Volume 1 [GRLP1] South Asian Review of International Law, Volume 1 Indian International Law Series, Volume 1 Global Relations and Legal Policy, Volume 2 Deciphering Artificial Intelligence Hype and its Legal-Economic Risks [VLiGTA-TR-001] Deciphering Regulative Methods for Generative AI [VLiGTA-TR-002] Promoting Economy of Innovation through Explainable AI [VLiGTA-TR-003] Reinventing & Regulating Policy Use Cases of Web3 for India [VLiGTA-TR-004] Auditing AI Companies for Corporate Internal Investigations in India, VLiGTA-TR-005 The Policy Purpose of a Multipolar Agenda for India, First Edition, 2023 [Version 1] A New Artificial Intelligence Strategy and an Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Bill, 2023 [Version 2] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023 Artificial Intelligence Governance using Complex Adaptivity: Feedback Report, First Edition, 2024 Draft Digital Competition Bill, 2024 for India: Feedback Report [IPLR-IG-003] Legal Strategies for Open Source Artificial Intelligence Practices, IPLR-IG-004 Artificial Intelligence and Policy in India, Volume 4 [AIPI-V4] Ethical AI Implementation and Integration in Digital Public Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-005 [AIACT.IN V3] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 3 AIACT.IN Version 3 Quick Explainer The Indic Approach to Artificial Intelligence Policy [IPLR-IG-006] Reimaging and Restructuring MeiTY for India [IPLR-IG-007] Artificial Intelligence and Policy in India, Volume 5 [AIPI-V5] Indic Pacific - ISAIL Joint Annual Report, 2022-24 The Legal and Ethical Implications of Monosemanticity in LLMs [IPLR-IG-008] Navigating Risk and Responsibility in AI-Driven Predictive Maintenance for Spacecraft, IPLR-IG-009, First Edition, 2024 Impact-Based Legal Problems around Generative AI in Publishing, IPLR-IG-010 Legal-Economic Issues in Indian AI Compute and Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-011 Paving the Path to an International Model Law on Carbon Taxes [IPLR-IG-012] Sections 4-9, AiACT.IN V4 Infographic Explainers Averting Framework Fatigue in AI Governance [IPLR-IG-013] Decoding the AI Competency Triad for Public Officials [IPLR-IG-014] [AIACT.IN V4] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 4 [AIACT.IN V5] Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023, Version 5 Reckoning the Viability of Safe Harbour in Technology Law, IPLR-IG-015 Indo-Pacific Research Ethics Framework on Artificial Intelligence Use [IPac AI] NIST Adversarial Machine Learning Taxonomies: Decoded, IPLR-IG-016 The Global AI Inventorship Handbook, First Edition [RHB-AI-INVENT-001-2025] Normative Emergence in Cyber Geographies: International Algorithmic Law in a Multipolar Technological Order, First Edition AI Bias & the Overlap of AI Diplomacy and Governance Ethics Dilemmas Artificial Intelligence and Policy in India, Volume 6 [AIPI-V6] Artificial Intelligence, Market Power and India in a Multipolar World 2020 Handbook on AI and International Law [RHB 2020 ISAIL] Products & Services Products & Services Products & Services Products & Services Solving real tech + law + policy problems 01 01 01 01 Fractional Legal Support & Consulting We advise and consult on generating legal and policy solutions on complex matters related to law and digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, intellectual property, corporate innovation, sustainable development and legal management. 02 02 02 02 Industry-conscious Legal Training Through our research platforms (IndoPacific.App + TechINData.in), we deliver training programmes and research resources that help companies and professionals build AI governance and compliance capabilities to address tech policy challenges in their daily operations. 03 03 03 03 Original Research We maintain India's largest tech law knowledge base (99% free and open access) through our integrated platforms: 300+ downloadable contributions on IndoPacific.App (67% technology law focus), 110+ research inputs and 90+ glossary terms on Techindata.in. We’re good with numbers Facts and Figures Facts and Figures Facts and Figures Facts and Figures Know More 5+ Years of Foundation & Building 20+ Technical Reports Downloadable Research Contributions 300+ Thought Leadership Engagements in 2025 (as of September 2025) 27+ Know More Presenting our AI Regulation Tracker via aiact.in Check the Visualiser Find AI Regulations Check Proposed AI Laws Our Leaders are Featured in Our Leaders are Featured in Our Leaders are Featured in Our Leaders are Featured in Some Latest Graphics-powered Insights by Our Brands Unique Perspectives, Common Goals: Showcasing Our Law & Policy Products & Brands Insights Explainers Connect Research Firm Updates "Action beats intention every single time." Our knowledge ecosystem provides exactly that, and completes the chain of problem recognition. This ecosystem is techindata.in + indopacific.app . What is Techindata.in? 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AIACT.IN is India's first privately proposed artificial intelligence regulation authored by Abhivardhan. AiACT.IN AiACT.IN India's first privately proposed Artificial Intelligence regulation, authored by Abhivardhan. Version 5.0, April 3, 2025 [Latest] Terms of Use The contents of the AIACT.IN, i.e., the Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Bill, 2023 (also may be referred to as the Draft Artificial Intelligence (Development & Regulation) Act, 2023) and the New Artificial Intelligence Strategy for India, 2023 are proposals submitted to the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India. This is therefore provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes in public interest only. By using the contents of "AIACT.IN" developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the contents for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the page of this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the name of the page. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Abhivardhan, 'AIACT.IN' (Indic Pacific Legal Research, November 7, 2023) The contents of AIACT.IN are the copyrighted property of Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP. You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the contents without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. Any critical suggestions or reviews to the contents of "AIACT.IN" are not counted as reproduction, provided that a proper attribution of the contents of "AIACT.IN" to Indic Pacific Legal Research is given. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the contents of "AIACT.IN". The Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the contents of "AIACT.IN". You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the contents of "AIACT.IN". If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com Send us Feedback All Versions of AiACT.IN AiACT.IN Explainers Download Current Version AI & Law 101 India AI Regulation Landscape 101 AIACT.IN Visualiser Terms of Use Our Founder, and Managing Partner, Abhivardhan had drafted this private AI bill, with the intent to educate the Indian AI ecosystem about the impact of AI regulation, in a larger Indian context, wherein the Indian AI ecosystem is still building itself up. AIACT.IN, India's inaugural privately proposed artificial intelligence regulation bill, garnered significant appreciation across multiple sectors of India's technology and policy ecosystem. The initiative received its strongest endorsement from the technology and business communities, with stakeholders recognizing its educational value in fostering democratic discourse around AI standardization and regulation in India's developing AI landscape. The bill's foundational support came from Sanjay Notani, former President of the Advisory Council of the Indian Society of Artificial Intelligence and Law, who had encouraged Abhivardhan to draft comprehensive AI regulation since 2021, ultimately catalyzing the bill's first version in November 2023. In the August 2024 International Law and Technology Conference organised by the Commonwealth Legal Education Association, Justice M Sundar , Judge, High Court of Madras (as of August 2024) had also appreciated this effort. India AI Regulation Landscape 101 This is a simple regulatory tracker consisting all information on how India is regulating artificial intelligence as a technology, inspired from a seminal paper authored by Abhivardhan and Deepanshu Singh for the Forum of Federations, Canada, entitled, "Government with Algorithms: Managing AI in India’s Federal System – Number 70 ". We have also included case laws along with regulatory / governance documents, and avoided adding any industry documents or policy papers which do not reflect any direct or implicit legal impact. This sankey diagram (created as of October 2025) below gives a picture of India's AI Governance Landscape since 2000 until now. Check the Diagram Mr. Shivaji Rao Gaikwad v. M/s. Varsha Productions ("Main Hoon Rajinikanth"), Civil Suit No. 598/2014, Madras High Court, Order dated February 3, 2015 February 2015 Madras High Court Read the Document Ferid Allani v. Union of India & Ors., W.P.(C) 7/2014 (Delhi High Court, Dec 12, 2019) December 2019 Delhi High Court, IPAB Read the Document Jaswinder Singh @ Jassi v. State of Punjab & Anr., CRM-M-22496-2022, order dated 27-3-2023 March 2023 Punjab & Haryana High Court Read the Document Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDPA) August 2023 Parliament of India Read the Document Md Zakir Hussain v. State of Manipur, W.P. (C) No. 1080 of 2023 (Manipur High Court, May 23, 2024) May 2024 Manipur High Court Read the Document Buckeye Trust v. PCIT, ITA No. 1051/Bang/2024 (ITAT Bengaluru Bench 2024-2025) February 2025 Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Bengaluru Read the Document Karnataka Platform-Based Gig Workers (Social Security and Welfare) Ordinance, 2025 May 2025 Government of Karnataka (Governor) Read the Document KMG Wires Private Limited vs. National Faceless Assessment Centre & Others, Writ Petition (L) No. 24366 of 2025, Bombay High Court, Order dated October 6, 2025 October 2025 Bombay High Court Read the Document Access All Sections of the Draft Bill. Section 1 – Short Title and Commencement Section 2 – Definitions Section 3 – Classification of Artificial Intelligence Section 4 – Conceptual Methods of Classification Section 5 – Technical Methods of Classification Section 6 – Commercial Methods of Classification Section 7 – Risk-centric Methods of Classification Section 8 – Prohibition of Unintended Risk AI Systems Section 9 – High-Risk AI Systems in Strategic Sectors Section 10 – Composition and Functions of the Council Section 10-A – Composition and Functions of the Institute Section 11 – Registration & Certification of AI Systems Section 12 – National Registry of Artificial Intelligence Use Cases Section 13 – National Artificial Intelligence Ethics Code Section 14 – Model Standards on Knowledge Management Section 15 – Guidance Principles for AI-related Agreements Section 16 – Guidance Principles for AI-related Corporate Governance Section 17 – Post-Deployment Monitoring of High-Risk AI Systems Section 18 – Third-Party Vulnerability Reporting Section 19 – Incident Reporting and Mitigation Protocols Section 20 – Responsible Information Sharing Section 20-A – Transparency and Accountability in AI-related Government Initiatives and Public-Private Partnerships Section 21 – Intellectual Property Protections Section 21-A – Data Classification and Localisation Requirements Section 22 – Shared Sector-Neutral & Sector-Specific Standards Section 23 – Content Provenance and Identification Section 24 - Employment and Skill Security Standards Section 24-A – Right to Artificial Intelligence Literacy Section 25 – Insurance Policy for AI Technologies Section 26 – Appeal to Appellate Tribunal Section 27 – Orders passed by Appellate Tribunal to be executable as decree Section 28 – Alternate Dispute Resolution Section 29 – Power to Make Rules Section 30 – Power to Make Regulations Section 31 – Protection of Action Taken in Good Faith Section 32 – Offenses and Penalties Section 33 – Savings Clause Section 34 – Power to Remove Difficulties Section 35 – Amendment of [Other Legislation]

The Delhi High Court, through Justice Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora, issued a “John Doe” order protecting podcaster and content creator Raj Shamani’s personality rights against the unauthorised use of his name, image, likeness, voice, and podcast titles via AI, deepfake, fake endorsements, impersonation chatbots, and morphed/defamatory media. Major tech/social platforms (Google, Meta, YouTube, Telegram, etc.) were ordered to take down AI-generated infringing content within 72 hours and disclose basic subscriber data of offenders. India AI Regulation Landscape 101 This is a simple regulatory tracker consisting all information on how India is regulating artificial intelligence as a technology, inspired from a seminal paper authored by Abhivardhan and Deepanshu Singh for the Forum of Federations, Canada, entitled, "Government with Algorithms: Managing AI in India’s Federal System – Number 70 ". We have also included case laws along with regulatory / governance documents, and avoided adding any industry documents or policy papers which do not reflect any direct or implicit legal impact. Raj Shamani v. John Doe & Ors., CS(COMM) 1233/2025, Delhi High Court, Order dated November 21, 2025 The Delhi High Court, through Justice Manmeet Pritam Singh Arora, issued a “John Doe” order protecting podcaster and content creator Raj Shamani’s personality rights against the unauthorised use of his name, image, likeness, voice, and podcast titles via AI, deepfake, fake endorsements, impersonation chatbots, and morphed/defamatory media. Major tech/social platforms (Google, Meta, YouTube, Telegram, etc.) were ordered to take down AI-generated infringing content within 72 hours and disclose basic subscriber data of offenders. Previous Next November 2025 Issuing Authority Delhi High Court Type of Legal / Policy Document Judicial Pronouncements - National Court Precedents Status In Force Regulatory Stage Regulatory Binding Value Legally binding instruments enforceable before courts Read the Document AI Regulation Visualisation Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Related draft AI Law Provisions of aiact.in

India AI Regulation 101 Landscape Visualiser showing interactive Sankey diagram mapping 45+ AI governance documents from 2000-2025 across time periods, document types including 20+ judicial pronouncements and 8+ guidance documents, binding values ranging from legally binding to soft law, and regulatory stages from pre-regulatory to post-regulatory implementation in India's comprehensive artificial intelligence framework. AiACT.IN Terms of Use The Sankey diagrams, statistical dashboards, and timeline visualisations representing India's AI governance documents (2000-2025) are proprietary analytical tools by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP. 1. Permitted Use Use visualizations for personal, educational, and non-commercial purposes (academic presentations, research papers, news articles, social media). Required Attribution: 'India AI Governance Landscape 101 Visualiser' (Indic Pacific Legal Research, 1 November 2025) 2. Prohibited Uses NOT authorised: Commercial licensing, rebranding as your own work, removing attribution, use in AI training, embedding in paywalled content, or derivative works for commercial distribution. 3. Screenshots & Embedding Screenshots: Allowed with full attribution. Embedding: Permitted for educational institutions, non-profits, government websites, and open-access platforms. Commercial embedding requires permission: global@indicpacific.com . 4. Disclaimer Visualisations provided "AS IS" without warranties. The Firm disclaims liability for misinterpretation, technical errors, display issues, or decisions based on visualizations. Data reflects database as of indicated date; periodic updates do not warrant real-time accuracy. 5. Copyright Protection Visualisation designs, color schemes, and interactive features are copyrighted. Unauthorized commercial use may result in legal action. 6. Commercial Licensing For commercial use, custom visualizations, or partnerships: global@indicpacific.com (Subject: "AIACT.IN Licensing Inquiry") By using AIACT.IN, you accept these terms. India AI Governance Landscape 101 Visualiser This is a simple regulatory tracker consisting all information on how India is regulating artificial intelligence as a technology, inspired from a seminal paper authored by Abhivardhan and Deepanshu Singh for the Forum of Federations, Canada, entitled, "Government with Algorithms: Managing AI in India’s Federal System – Number 70 ". We have also included case laws along with regulatory / governance documents, and avoided adding any industry documents or policy papers which do not reflect any direct or implicit legal impact. This sankey diagram (created as of October 2025) below gives a picture of India's AI Governance Landscape since 2000 until now. We hope the visualisation of the India AI Regulation Landscape 101 is helpful to all. This is India's first most comprehensive, and specific visualisation-enabled AI regulation tracker, made with love by Indic Pacific Legal Research, under our Founder Abhivardhan's AIACT.IN Initiative. Check Regulatory Sources

Context Window Explainers The Complete Glossary Context Window Date of Addition 17 Oct 2025 The maximum number of tokens (words, subwords, or characters) that a language model can process simultaneously as input and maintain in working memory when generating responses. Context window size represents a fundamental technical constraint that determines an LLM's ability to reason over long documents, maintain conversation history, or incorporate retrieved information in RAG systems. Expansion of context windows from thousands to millions of tokens has become a key competitive dimension in LLM development, though larger windows incur quadratic computational costs and do not guarantee improved reasoning quality. Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App The Legal and Ethical Implications of Monosemanticity in LLMs [IPLR-IG-008] Learn More Decoding the AI Competency Triad for Public Officials [IPLR-IG-014] Learn More The Global AI Inventorship Handbook, First Edition [RHB-AI-INVENT-001-2025] Learn More Previous Term Next Term terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Adversarial Machine Learning Explainers The Complete Glossary Adversarial Machine Learning Date of Addition 22 Mar 2025 A technique used to study machine learning model vulnerabilities by creating deceptive inputs designed to cause AI systems to malfunction or make incorrect predictions. It involves both offensive mechanisms (creating adversarial examples) and defensive approaches (building more robust models). Adversarial machine learning operates by manipulating input data in ways imperceptible to humans but that cause dramatic changes in model outputs. Defensemple, adding carefully calculated noise to an image of a panda can make a sophisticated image classifier confidently misidentify it as a gibbon. Defence mechanisms include adversarial training (exposing models to adversarial examples during training) and ensemble methods that combine multiple models to improve robustness against attacks. Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App NIST Adversarial Machine Learning Taxonomies: Decoded, IPLR-IG-016 Learn More Previous Term Next Term terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

AI Knowledge Chain Explainers The Complete Glossary AI Knowledge Chain Date of Addition 5 Mar 2025 A structured sequence of information transformation processes that enable AI systems to convert raw data into actionable insights through interconnected stages of knowledge acquisition, representation, reasoning, and application. Knowledge chains encompass both the technical pathways within AI systems and the human-AI information exchanges that facilitate meaningful interpretation of AI outputs. Robust knowledge chains maintain logical coherence between information elements while providing transparent connections between premises and conclusions. Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App The Policy Purpose of a Multipolar Agenda for India, First Edition, 2023 Learn More Artificial Intelligence Governance using Complex Adaptivity: Feedback Report, First Edition, 2024 Learn More Legal Strategies for Open Source Artificial Intelligence Practices, IPLR-IG-004 Learn More Ethical AI Implementation and Integration in Digital Public Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-005 Learn More Reimaging and Restructuring MeiTY for India [IPLR-IG-007] Learn More The Legal and Ethical Implications of Monosemanticity in LLMs [IPLR-IG-008] Learn More Impact-Based Legal Problems around Generative AI in Publishing, IPLR-IG-010 Learn More Indo-Pacific Research Ethics Framework on Artificial Intelligence Use [IPac AI] Learn More Previous Term Next Term terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Compute Arbitrage Explainers The Complete Glossary Compute Arbitrage Date of Addition 17 Oct 2025 An economic strategy that exploits geographic, temporal, or market-based pricing differentials in GPU compute resources to reduce costs for AI model training and inference workloads. This practice involves dynamically shifting computational tasks across cloud regions with lower electricity rates, opportunistically utilizing spot instances during off-peak hours, or leveraging jurisdictional variations in data center operational expenses. Compute arbitrage has emerged as a critical cost optimization discipline for AI companies as training expenses for frontier models reach tens of millions of dollars, with sophisticated operators achieving 30-50% cost reductions through strategic resource allocation across heterogeneous infrastructure providers. Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Artificial Intelligence Governance using Complex Adaptivity: Feedback Report, First Edition, 2024 Learn More Legal-Economic Issues in Indian AI Compute and Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-011 Learn More Previous Term Next Term terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Consent Manager (DPDPA) Explainers The Complete Glossary Consent Manager (DPDPA) Date of Addition 15 Nov 2025 “Consent Manager” means a person registered with the Board, who acts as a single point of contact to enable a Data Principal to give, manage, review and withdraw her consent through an accessible, transparent and interoperable platform [Source: Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 ] Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Decoding the AI Competency Triad for Public Officials [IPLR-IG-014] Learn More Previous Term Next Term terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

Class-of-Applications-by-Class-of-Application (CbC) approach Explainers The Complete Glossary Class-of-Applications-by-Class-of-Application (CbC) approach Date of Addition 26 Apr 2024 The Class-of-Applications-by-Class-of-Application (CbC) approach is a method for developing and managing AI systems that focuses on the specific applications for which the systems will be used. The CbC approach is based on the idea that different applications have different requirements, and that AI systems should be designed and developed to meet those specific requirements. This was originally discussed in Andrea Bertolini's work on ‘Artificial Intelligence and Civil Liability’ published by the European Parliament in 2020. We have analysed this idea in Deciphering Artificial Intelligence Hype and its Legal-Economic Risks, VLiGTA-TR-001 (2022). Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Global Customary International Law Index: A Prologue [GLA-TR-00X] Learn More An Indian Perspective on Special Purpose Acquisition Companies [GLA-TR-001] Learn More India-led Global Governance in the Indo-Pacific: Basis & Approaches [GLA-TR-003] Learn More Global Legalism, Volume 1 Learn More Global Relations and Legal Policy, Volume 1 [GRLP1] Learn More South Asian Review of International Law, Volume 1 Learn More Indian International Law Series, Volume 1 Learn More Global Relations and Legal Policy, Volume 2 Learn More Deciphering Artificial Intelligence Hype and its Legal-Economic Risks [VLiGTA-TR-001] Learn More The Policy Purpose of a Multipolar Agenda for India, First Edition, 2023 Learn More Legal-Economic Issues in Indian AI Compute and Infrastructure, IPLR-IG-011 Learn More Previous Term Next Term terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

AI as an Entity Explainers The Complete Glossary AI as an Entity Date of Addition 26 Apr 2024 It means Artificial Intelligence may be considered as a form of electronic personality, in a legal or juristic sense. This idea was proposed in the 2020 Handbook on AI and International Law (2021). Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Deciphering Artificial Intelligence Hype and its Legal-Economic Risks [VLiGTA-TR-001] Learn More Artificial Intelligence and Policy in India, Volume 5 [AIPI-V5] Learn More Previous Term Next Term terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com

CEI Classification Explainers The Complete Glossary CEI Classification Date of Addition 26 Apr 2024 This is one of the two Classification Methods in which Artificial Intelligence could be recognised as a Concept, an Entity, or an Industry. This idea was proposed in the 2020 Handbook on AI and International Law (2021). Related Long-form Insights on IndoPacific.App Global Customary International Law Index: A Prologue [GLA-TR-00X] Learn More Regularizing Artificial Intelligence Ethics in the Indo-Pacific [GLA-TR-002] Learn More An Indian Perspective on Special Purpose Acquisition Companies [GLA-TR-001] Learn More India-led Global Governance in the Indo-Pacific: Basis & Approaches [GLA-TR-003] Learn More Global Legalism, Volume 1 Learn More Global Relations and Legal Policy, Volume 1 [GRLP1] Learn More South Asian Review of International Law, Volume 1 Learn More Indian International Law Series, Volume 1 Learn More Global Relations and Legal Policy, Volume 2 Learn More The Policy Purpose of a Multipolar Agenda for India, First Edition, 2023 Learn More Artificial Intelligence and Policy in India, Volume 4 [AIPI-V4] Learn More Normative Emergence in Cyber Geographies: International Algorithmic Law in a Multipolar Technological Order, First Edition Learn More Artificial Intelligence and Policy in India, Volume 6 [AIPI-V6] Learn More Previous Term Next Term terms of use This glossary of terms is provided as a free resource for educational and informational purposes only. By using this glossary developed by Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP (referred to as 'The Firm'), you agree to the following terms of use: You may use the glossary for personal and non-commercial purposes only. If you use any content from the glossary of terms on this website in your own work, you must properly attribute the source. This means including a link to this website and citing the title of the glossary. Here is a sample format to cite this glossary (we have used the OSCOLA citation format as an example): Indic Pacific Legal Research LLP, 'TechinData.in Explainers' (Indic Pacific Legal Research , 2023) You are not authorised to reproduce, distribute, or modify the glossary without the express written permission of a representative of Indic Pacific Legal Research. The Firm makes no representations or warranties about the accuracy or completeness of the glossary. The glossary is provided on an "as is" basis and the Firm disclaims all liability for any errors or omissions in the glossary. You agree to indemnify and hold the Firm harmless from any claims or damages arising out of your use of the glossary. If you have any questions or concerns about these terms of use, please contact us at global@indicpacific.com